Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) formed by Thyme were synthesized by a single-step green hydrothermal process using Thyme extract as the carbon source. Subsequently, they evaluated their effectiveness as an antibacterial versus several microbes. The synthesized CQDs exhibited a quasi-spherical morphology, with an average diameter of around 6.4 nm, and had a broad (002) x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak indicative of graphitic carbon. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) tests demonstrated the existence of several hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups on the surface, thus enhancing hydrophilicity and stability. Optical analyses demonstrated strong π–π* and n–π* transitions, accompanied by excitation-sensitive photoluminescence (PL) at 512 nm, yielding a significant quantum efficiency of 36%. The Thyme-CQDs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity versus E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, with S. aureus showing the highest sensitivity. The antibacterial effects are ascribed to the generation of reactive oxygen substances (ROS), breakdown of membranes, and the combined properties of thyme-derived phenolics, such as thymol and carvacrol. The results show that thyme can serve as a renewable carbon preparation for high-performance CQDs suitable for antibacterial, environmental, and bioimaging applications.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial staple grain for global food security, but the accumulation of harmful trace metals can compromise its safety. This study investigated the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in wheat grains and soil from various locations near an industrial area in Duhok City, from February and June 2024. The metal concentrations in wheat grains were found to range from 0.539±0.0231 to 1.035±0.0028 mg/kg for lead, 0.417±0.0085 to 0.5666±0.0063 mg/kg for zinc, 0.2203±0.0033 to 0.2723±0.0016 mg/kg for copper, and 0.004±0.001 to 0.0293±0.0038 mg/kg for cadmium., The result showed that the levels of Zn, Cu, and Cd in wheat grain were within the permissible limit according to the World Health Organisation WHO Codex Alimentarius. This suggests that industrial pollutants pose significant health risks to populations living near contaminated environments. The results of agricultural soil samples collected from the industrial area showed that the area has been slightly contaminated with toxic metals. There were considerable variations (P<0.05) in the concentrations of metals across the study locations. P-values for Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in both soil and wheat grains indicate that industrial emissions and transformation are significant sources of contamination.

The study was done on the effect of water contamination on human health. The review revealed a complex network of factors contributing to water contamination, including home sewage, industrial discharges, pesticides, plastics, and systemic management deficiencies. The study highlighted the widespread effects on human health, including skin disorders, serious illnesses like cancer and diarrheal infections, particularly affecting children. It emphasized the need for synchronized efforts to alleviate pollution sources, focusing on sustainable farming methodologies and responsible waste management. The study also explored advanced wastewater treatment techniques, highlighting the urgent need for their widespread use worldwide. However, the study acknowledged limitations, such as geographical scope and contamination origins. Recommendations included a comprehensive strategy involving sustainable behaviors, strict laws, and advanced treatment technology. The study emphasized the need for governments, companies, and communities to work together to implement strong legislation, improve infrastructure, and increase knowledge about water quality. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach, focusing on mitigating constraints through ongoing research, innovation, and international collaboration.