Abstract The Persian Gulf is a vital market for Chinese goods, Beijing’s primary energy supplier, and a region crucial to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. The region has long been divided by intense rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, resulting in tension and sectarian conflict. China is the only external power with strong political and economic ties with all Gulf countries. Consequently, the desire of both Iran and Saudi Arabia for closer relations with China poses a challenge. China recognizes that establishing strategic ties with these countries can spread Chinese influence and guarantee a stable oil supply. Although China once focused exclusively on the economic dimension of its ties with Gulf states, it now prioritizes strengthening these relationships across multiple dimensions to safeguard its interests. This shift was epitomized by China’s 2023 brokering of an agreement to restore diplomatic ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Keywords Persian gulf · China · Iran · Saudi arabia · Rivalry

The realism school is the most significant school of thought in international relations. Realism has attempted to provide a more realistic scientific method than the idealist school (the school that concentrated on morals in international relations) to study and understand international relations and international politics, which led to its emergence and dominance in international relations study.The realism school became the dominant school in international relations after World War II, and realism was born as a response to the idealist school that dominated international relations in the aftermath of World War I. The realist school sees international relations primarily as a conflict between sovereign states and self-interests that participate in the game of power politics within an international system based on anarchy in the absence of supreme authority.The international system, according to this school of thought, is an environment devoid of morals and values in which the state is seen as a rational and unifying actor, as the state finds itself in perpetual conflict with the other states in the system due to the lack of an overarching world government (a supreme authority).Judging by their pessimistic view of human nature, the only way to achieve security in the international system, according to political realism, is for states to seek to increase their power and create a balance of power.The realist school of international relations has claimed that Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes are the actual ancestors of this school and based this claim on the fact that the fundamental beliefs and opinions of these philosophers and political thinkers can be classified as purely realistic. Despite not adopting the school of realism, they are considered the three preeminent realist thinkers' pre-twentieth-century.

For years, China and the United States have clashed on various issues, including trade, technology and the South China Sea. Strategic competition between the two superpowers had intensified under the Donald Trump administration, leading to worsening Sino–American bilateral relations. These tensions created resentment on both sides that influenced the respective country’s policies across a range of issues and led to a new phase of the conflict that some strategists had already characterised as a new Cold War.

The United States of America faces many internal threats and challenges, and terrorism is one of the most significant challenges and threats. The years following the attacks of (September 11, 2001) witnessed a substantial decrease in the rate of external (foreign) terrorism in the United States, at a time when domestic terrorism witnessed an apparent rise at unprecedented rates in the last two decades. There are four main categories of ideologies in the United States of America: the far right, the far left, religious extremism, and ethnic extremism. The far right is the first and most significant challenge and threat to the United States, as the operations and attacks of this wing have increased rapidly in terms of quality and quantity. Within this wing, there are many movements, and white extremists and anti-government extremists are considered the most critical movements. It is a statistical study that tries to shed light on domestic terrorism in the United States of America after the 11 September 2001 attacks by collecting data from American formal and informal institutions. The study utilizes the quantitative approach as a tool for analyzing these data.

China's rise in the Asia-Pacific region is considered a significant threat to U.S. national security and the U.S. allies in this region. China's military capabilities have become a real threat to U.S. national interests worldwide. Within a decade, China may replace the United States as a military power in the Asia-Pacific region which has strategic importance to the United States. The U.S. strategic analysis assumed that China took advantage of the 2008 financial crisis. Another assumption was that the United States had focused heavily on the Middle East in its war against terror, giving China more flexibility to interfere in the Asia-Pacific region and disrupt the balance of power. The Obama administration's strategy has been classified under different concepts such as pivot strategy, rebalance strategy, new engagement strategy, and Containment strategy. This paper explores Obama's strategy as a containment strategy towards China. To achieve this strategy, Obama's administration paid equal attention to soft and hard power as tools to contain China's raising. Thus, this administration tried to accomplish this strategy by relying on political-diplomacy, economic, security-military, and alliances. The main key factor that helped Washington in its efforts to contain China was the regional willingness to embrace America as a counterbalancing power to China's geopolitical ambitions.

Since 1949, China has established four grand strategies such as revolution strategy (1949-1978), recovering strategy (1978-1989), building national capabilities (1990-2003), and rejuvenation strategy (2004-up to now). It can be noticed that these strategies have some differences, but they still have some common and sustainable goals, which aimed to have achieved them for decades. The Chinese strategy of rejuvenation consists of three principles and interests that China seeks to achieve. Among these constants, Security's principles and interests are Security to protect the political regime and national Security, Sovereignty to safeguard the Chinese Sovereignty and territorial integrity of China's integrity, and development to maintain a favorable international environment for China to achieve sustainable economic development. China resorts to all its capabilities (economic, diplomatic, military, technology.

Abstract The policy-making process is very complex because of the multiplicity of actors involved in. There are formal and informal institutions which participate in this process. Formal public policymakers include three brunches such as; (legislative, executive, and judicial) and informal public policymakers such as; (interest groups, political parties, and public opinion) are increasing and decreasing their role and influence rely on the existing political system and the existing political environment. The branches (legislative, executive and judicial) play the main role in public policy- making in democratic regimes, and informal public policymakers (interest groups, political parties, and public opinion) have a significant and influential role in policymaking in these regimes. In undemocratic regimes, the hegemony of public policy-making is unilaterally represented by the executive branch. The roles of the legislative and judicial branches are absent. With regards to the informal public policymakers and their roles are almost disappear in these regimes because they do not have the obvious roles to be mentioned, and they are Jus tools for these regimes. Keywords: Public Policies, Formal institutions, Informal institutions, Democratic Systems, Non-Democratic Systems, Developed Countries, Developing countries.

Turkish ruling elite's policy towards the Kurdish identity The Kurdish issue has occupied since the founding of the modern. Turkish state advanced rank on the list of priorities of successive Turkish elites, this issue has formed a security concern, politically and socially for the majority of these elites and become a source of anxiety and turmoil. Turkish elites' policy has different on how to deal with this issue. Although these elites have preferred the military option, that option has not cancelled asylum Turkish elites in some stages of its dealings to peaceful solutions to this issue through the confession of Kurdish identity, especially after the arrest of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Ocalan. During the rule of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has issued more than a peace initiative with the Kurdistan Workers' Party and many of the initiatives of the ceasefire between the parties of conflict (AKP and PKK), and calls from the leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party to lay down their arms and advocacy to resolve the issue peacefully.