This study was conducted on male Wistar rats to examine the protective effects of Moringa oleifera seed nanoparticles (MOS-NPs). 120 rats were distributed into five groups: normal control (NC) fed a standard diet, high-fat diet control (HC), and HC groups receiving MOS-NPs at 25 (MOS-NP-L), 100 (MOS-NP-M), and 200 (MOS-NP-H) mg kg−1 BW/day for 60 days. The HC group showed significantly elevated body weight gain (92.3 ± 3.3g), epididymal fat percentage (8.12 ± 0.28%), liver weight (4.77 ± 0.17%), and spleen index (0.45 ± 0.04%) compared to the NC group (56.1 ± 2.4 g, 4.12 ± 0.15%, 3.32 ± 0.12%, 0.24 ± 0.02%). The Serum analysis described increases significantly in glucose, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, and ALP, along with reduced total protein and albumin in the HC group versus the NC. MOS-NP dose-dependently reversed these variations. The MOS-NP-H group demonstrated the most potent effect, restoring all parameters to levels not significantly different from the NC group, with body weight gain at 60.4 ± 2.4 g (p = 0.008), epididymal fat at 3.36 ± 0.12% (p = 0.008), ALT at 42.1 ± 2.4 U L-1 (p = 0.007), AST at 86.4 ± 3.4 U L-1 (p = 0.007), and creatinine at 0.79 ± 0.03 mg dL-1 (p = 0.007). In conclusion, MOS-NPs at 200 mg kg−1, as a natural therapeutic agent, significantly enhanced organ dysfunction.

This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and their combination on the gut microbiome, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), innate immune responses, and enzyme activities in Cyprinus carpio. Juvenile fish weighing 25.3 ± 0.8g were distributed into four groups: control, L. plantarum, B. subtilis, and a combined probiotic treatment, and fed for eight weeks. Probiotic supplementation significantly increased total bacterial counts, with the highest level found in the combined group (11.3 × 10⁶ ± 0.4 × 10⁶ CFU/g) compared to the control (8.5 × 10⁶ ± 0.2 × 10⁶ CFU/g). Lactic acid bacteria abundance reached 4.5 × 10⁶ ± 0.3 × 10⁶ CFU/g in the L. plantarum group, whereas B. subtilis counts were significantly elevated across all probiotic treatments (up to 2.7 × 10⁵ ± 0.1 × 10⁵ CFU/g) relative to control (1.3 × 10⁵ ± 0.4 × 10⁵ CFU/g). Enterobacteriaceae levels declined from 2.3 × 10⁵ ± 0.4 × 10⁵ CFU/g in controls to 1.3 × 10⁵ ± 0.6 × 10⁵ CFU/g in the combined group. Shannon diversity indices were higher in the B. subtilis and combined groups. AMR analysis showed a marked decrease in resistant isolates and multiple antibiotic resistance indices, with the lowest value observed in the combined group compared with the control. Probiotic-fed fish exhibited enhanced innate immune parameters, including lysozyme (44 ± 0.6 U/mL; P= 0.006), respiratory burst (0.29 ± 0.04 OD₆₀₀; P=0.008), complement activity (41 ± 0.3%), and phagocytosis (56 ± 0.4%; P=0.005). Digestive enzyme activities such as amylase (21 ± 0.4 U/mL; P=0.006), protease (20 ± 0.2 U/mL; P = 0.007), and lipase (16 ± 0.3 U/mL; P=0.005) were significantly increased in probiotic groups. Overall, dietary probiotics positively modulated gut microbiota, reduced AMR, and enhanced immune and digestive functions in common carp, with the combined supplementation showing the greatest benefits.

Silver nanoparticles, which are appreciated due to their increased antibacterial, catalytic and conductive functions, are commonly employed in medical kits, cloths, cosmetics, and water filters, but their release through wastewater, biosolids, and runoff is highly dangerous as there is no regulation of their emission and transformation, such as sulfidation, aggregation, and dissolution. In soil ecosystems, AgNPs react with pH, redox conditions, organic matter, and clay, and sulfidation to Ag2S causes short-term bioavailability to decrease but increases persistence; they disrupt microbial communities, inhibit nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium), mycorrhizal fungi, and enzyme activities, decrease soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant-microbe symbiosis and cause oxidative stress in earthworms. Aquatic systems facilitate AgNP disaggregation, sedimentation, and ion release driven by organic matter and ions and cause toxicity at all trophic levels: algae experience the inhibition of photosynthesis and ROS damage, zooplankton feeding problems, and fish experience bioaccumulation, neurotoxicity and reproductive problems. Ag+ ion release leading to protein/DNA damage, Oxidative stress due to ROS, membrane peroxidation, quorum sensing disruption and systemic changes in stress, detoxification and metabolism pathways confirmed by omics is a subset of the toxicity mechanisms. Though the water body information is plentiful, soil research is still very limited; gaps still exist in long-term low dose field effects and co-contamination. The research in the future recommends mesocosm/field testing, model dynamic transformation, and the safer design of nanoparticles to guide the risk analysis and sustainable management

This study investigates the influence of seasonal eco-hydrological variability on growth performance, spatial distribution, and feeding ecology of the bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) in Keowal Lake, Lahore, Pakistan. Sampling was conducted seasonally over one annual cycle across four habitat zones differentiated by water depth and limnological characteristics. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a were measured in conjunction with fish sampling. All environmental parameters exhibited significant seasonal variation (P<0.01). Water temperature reached a maximum in summer (30.2 ± 2.5 °C), while dissolved oxygen was the highest during winter (8.4 ± 0.6 mg L⁻¹). Chlorophyll-a concentration peaked in summer (35.6 ± 4.2 µg L⁻¹), reflecting increased primary productivity. Growth indices varied significantly among seasons, with maximum body weight (1058 ± 0.012 g), condition factor (1.89 ± 0.14), and specific growth rate (1.51 ± 0.14 % day⁻¹) observed in summer (P<0.01). Fish abundance was significantly greater in the sub-littoral zone (23.8 ± 0.31 CPUE), associated with moderate depth and higher turbidity (P<0.01). Diet composition exhibited apparent seasonal shifts, with phytoplankton dominating in summer (62.4 ± 0.31%), while zooplankton (38.1 ± 0.1%) and detritus (13.5 ± 0.6%) increased during winter (P<0.01). Chlorophyll-a showed strong positive correlations with phytoplankton intake (r = 0.85 ± 0.32), body weight (r = 0.77 ± 0.04), and condition factor (r = 0.71 ± 0.007). These findings demonstrate that seasonal eco-hydrological variability plays a pivotal role in shaping growth patterns, habitat utilization, and feeding strategies of the bighead carp in subtropical freshwater lake ecosystems.

This research focuses at how water quality, heavy metal levels, and ecosystem health changed across three different spots along the Tigris River in Iraq during 2024. The goal was to measure heavy metal contamination in the water, river bottom sediments, and areas with different pollution levels. Three locations were chosen: the first as a clean reference point, the second with moderate pollution, and the third heavily polluted. Temperature readings went up from 26.2°C at the cleanest site to 27.4°C and then 28.1°C at the more polluted locations, showing a clear pattern. However, oxygen dissolved in the water dropped from 7.3mg L⁻¹ at the first site to 6.4 and 5.4mg L⁻¹ at the other two. The water's electrical conductivity elevated considerably from 318 to 487 and finally 732 microsiemens per centimeter as pollution increased. Heavy metals became much more concentrated at polluted sites. Iron went from 0.41mg L⁻¹at the clean site up to 1.69 and 3.83 at the others, going beyond safe WHO guidelines. Lead shot up from 0.06 to 0.32 and 1.36 mg L⁻¹, while cadmium climbed from 0.03 to 0.16 and 0.57. Chromium and nickel followed similar upward trends, all crossing safety thresholds. The river's biological health weakened dramatically. Primary productivity fell from 1.78mg O₂ L⁻¹ h⁻¹ to just 0.69mg O2. L⁻¹ hourly (P= 0.006). Dehydrogenase enzyme activity decreased from 0.88 ± 0.05μg TPF g⁻¹ h⁻¹ to 0.31 ± 0.04 μg TPF g⁻¹ h⁻¹, and phosphatase activity dropped from 1.44 to 0.71 μg TPF g⁻¹ h⁻¹. These results show how toxic metals progressively damage river ecosystems, making it clear that better pollution controls and regular monitoring are desperately needed for the Tigris River.

Silver nanoparticles, which are appreciated due to their increased antibacterial, catalytic and conductive functions, are commonly employed in medical kits, cloths, cosmetics, and water filters, but their release through wastewater, biosolids, and runoff is highly dangerous as there is no regulation of their emission and transformation, such as sulfidation, aggregation, and dissolution. In soil ecosystems, AgNPs react with pH, redox conditions, organic matter, and clay, and sulfidation to Ag2S causes short-term bioavailability to decrease but increases persistence; they disrupt microbial communities, inhibit nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Rhizobium), mycorrhizal fungi, and enzyme activities, decrease soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and plant-microbe symbiosis and cause oxidative stress in earthworms. Aquatic systems facilitate AgNP disaggregation, sedimentation, and ion release driven by organic matter and ions and cause toxicity at all trophic levels: algae experience the inhibition of photosynthesis and ROS damage, zooplankton feeding problems, and fish experience bioaccumulation, neurotoxicity and reproductive problems. Ag+ ion release leading to protein/DNA damage, Oxidative stress due to ROS, membrane peroxidation, quorum sensing disruption and systemic changes in stress, detoxification and metabolism pathways confirmed by omics is a subset of the toxicity mechanisms. Though the water body information is plentiful, soil research is still very limited; gaps still exist in long-term low dose field effects and co-contamination. The research in the future recommends mesocosm/field testing, model dynamic transformation, and the safer design of nanoparticles to guide the risk analysis and sustainable management

The objective of this study was to establish the serum levels of Vitamin D, calcium (Ca2+), and phosphorus (P) in Labeo rohita under controlled laboratory environments, which would help in establishing the relationship between them and how this would affect the physiology of the fish. The specimens of the Young Labeo rohita were kept in the experimental tanks, and they were fed on a diet of 30 percent crude protein. A Vitamin D concentration in blood serum, a calcium concentration in blood serum, and a phosphorus concentration in blood serum were determined using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure Vitamin D concentration, colorimetric analysis to measure calcium concentration, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to measure phosphorus concentration in the blood serum. The findings revealed that the average blood Vitamin D level was 515.0 + ± 63.15 ng/mL and the range was between 79.1 and 1071.0 ng/mL. The mean serum calcium level was 10.35 + ± 1.37 mg/dl with a range of 7.99-12.27 mg/dl. The average value of phosphorus was 15.75 + ± 1.3 mg/dL, with a range of 7.54-34.56 mg/dL. Also, considerable correlations were found to exist between shifts in the levels of Vitamin D and the phosphorus and calcium levels. These results highlight the importance of Vitamin D in keeping the mineral balance in the physiology of fish. The interdependence of these nutrients that has been measured implies that their concentration depends on several conditions, such as diet and environment. More studies should be carried out to ensure that feed formulations are used according to the nutritional requirements of various fish species, which are favorable practices in the commercial fish farming industry.

The present study was designed to measure social connection in three captive animals in Duhok zoo, including the American white pelican, wild dogs, and red deer, using Social Network Analysis (SNA). The present study was carried out at Duhok Zoo. The studywas undertaken from October to December 2021. Three species of captive animals were used for this study, which were: the American white pelican, wild dogs, and red deer. Their numbers were 5, 7, and 6, respectively. Data were collected from the studied animals using direct observations of social interactions. According to the results found with the three species studied, all individuals have social interactions with each other. From the present study, according to the results found, it can be concluded that the social bonding was acceptable to some degree as strong relations were found between some individuals of all the three species studied. However, some individuals were not socially connected at all.

This study examined the physiological and growth responses of juvenile Pangasianodon hypophthalmus to different water temperatures (24°C, 27°C, 30°C, 32°C, and 34°C) over a 9 weeks culture period. Fish reared at 27°C demonstrated optimal growth performance, achieving a final weight of 53.0 ± 4.24 g with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 0.59 ± 0.07%/day and weight gain of 44.8 ± 3.62 g. The 24°C treatment group showed slightly reduced but still significant growth (final weight: 48.0 ± 3.87 g; SGR: 0.61 ± 0.07%/day), with superior feed conversion efficiency (FCR: 1.22-1.28) that was significantly better than other groups (P < 0.05). Thermal stress became evident at higher temperatures. The 30°C group exhibited intermediate performance (final weight: 38.0 ± 3.07 g; SGR: 0.75 ± 0.06 to 0.14 ± 0.05%/day), while the 34°C treatment resulted in severely compromised growth (final weight: 21.0 ± 1.69 g; SGR: 0.22 ± 0.02 to 0.26 ± 0.05%/day) and poor feed utilization (FCR: 1.60-2.00). Feed intake followed a similar pattern, peaking at 8.3 ± 0.68 g/day at 27°C but declining to 5.0 ± 0.43 g/day at 34°C (P < 0.05). Notably, hematological parameters including RBCs count (1.24-1.42 × 10⁶/mm³), hemoglobin (7.38-7.40 g/dL), and PCV (22.8-24.6%) remained stable across all treatments (P > 0.05), suggesting effective homeostatic regulation within this temperature range. These findings concluded that 27°C is suitable for growth in P. hypophthalmus.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and a 1:1 combination of both on the growth performance and proximate composition of Artemia franciscana over a 30-day culture period. Four feeding treatments were evaluated: a control (natural seawater microbial load), yeast-only (2 g/L), algae-only (2 g/L), and a mixed diet (1 g/L yeast + 1 g/L algae). The results revealed that dietary treatment significantly influenced all measured parameters (p ≤ 0.05). The mixed diet group achieved the highest growth performance, with a final length of 7.4 ± 0.4 mm, biomass of 7.5 ± 0.3 mg, weight gain of 300.5 ± 9.6%, and survival rate of 88.4 ± 2.6%. Algae-fed Artemia also showed notable improvement (final length: 6.7 ± 0.5 mm; biomass: 6.8 ± 0.4 mg; weight gain: 270.3 ± 11.2%; survival: 81.1 ± 2.3%), followed by the yeast group (final length: 6.3 ± 0.3 mm; biomass: 6.3 ± 0.3 mg; weight gain: 254.5 ± 10.6%; survival: 78.7 ± 2.7%). The control group recorded the lowest values across all metrics, with a final biomass of 1.7 ± 0.1 mg and survival of 52.4 ± 3.5%. Proximate composition analysis further confirmed the nutritional benefits of the mixed diet, which produced the highest crude protein (53.7 ± 1.2%) and lipid content (15.4 ± 0.3%) with reduced ash (11.3 ± 0.6%) and moisture levels (75.3 ± 0.5%). These findings demonstrate that a combined yeast–algae diet provides complementary nutrients that enhance Artemia growth and nutritional quality. These results highlight the potential of mixed yeast–algae diets as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for producing nutritionally enriched Artemia in aquaculture systems.

This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (Na-F) on Labeo rohita (rohu), a freshwater species. Eighty fish (100–150 g) were acclimated for 15 days under controlled conditions (pH 7.5 ± 0.04, dissolved oxygen 8.11 ± 0.12 mg/L, temperature 22.81 ± 0.31 °C) and exposed to NaF at 0 (control), 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mg/L for 45 days. Hematological analysis revealed severe reductions in red blood cells (RBC) (3.13 ± 0.05 × 10⁶/mm³), hemoglobin (Hb) (7.23 ± 0.33 g/dL), and hematocrit (Hct) (26.70 ± 0.7%) in the 17.5mg/ L group (P< 0.05). Immunological disruptions included elevated white blood cells (WBCs) (20.13 ± 0.43 × 10³/mm³) and neutrophils (21.32 ± 0.70%) alongside decreased lymphocytes (12.12 ± 1.51%) (P< 0.05). Serum biochemistry showed hypoglycemia (75 ± 2.34 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemia (167.6 ± 1.16 mg/dL), reduced albumin (1.3 ± 0.08 mg/dL), and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (303.3 ± 3.9 IU/L). Organ weights reduced significantly, particularly gills (1.4 ± 0.04 g, P< 0.05). The findings highlight Na-F’s, alerting hematological, metabolic, and immune functions in L. rohita, necessitating stricter fluoride regulation in aquatic environments

This study assesses the effects of partial dietary replacement with three plant-based ingredients, Azolla (Azolla pinnata), Duckweed (Lemna minor), and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), on growth performance, hematological indices, and serum biochemical parameters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A 60-day feeding trial was conducted using 240 juvenile fish (initial weight 14.38 ± 0.12 g) randomly distributed into four dietary groups: a control (T0) and three experimental diets containing 10% Azolla (T1), Duckweed (T2), or Napier grass (T3). Each treatment was replicated three times. Growth parameters, feed utilization, hematological profiles, and serum biomarkers were assessed post-trial. Results indicated that the T2 (Duckweed) group exhibited significantly superior final body weight (58.1 ± 1.4 g), weight gain (43.8 ± 1.5 g), specific growth rate (2.757 ± 0.044 % day⁻¹), feed conversion ratio (2.171 ± 0.035), and protein efficiency ratio (1.531 ± 0.032) compared to the control and other treatments (P< 0.05). Hematological analysis revealed significantly elevated red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values in the T2 group. Serum biochemical profiles indicated higher total protein, albumin, and globulin levels, along with reduced glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and hepatic enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and ALP) in Duckweed-fed fish. Azolla supplementation yielded intermediate results, while Napier grass led to the poorest performance across all parameters. The study concludes that Duckweed at 10% inclusion is a highly effective, sustainable feed ingredient for enhancing growth and health in grass carp aquaculture, whereas Napier grass is less suitable as a primary dietary component.

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Aloe vera leaf powder supplementation on growth performance, hematological parameters, antioxidant status, and immune responses in Pangasius hypophthalmus. A total of 300 juvenile striped catfish with an initial weight of 14.2±0.13 g was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments containing 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% Aloe vera leaf powder, with three replicates per group. Results reveal significant dose-dependent enhancements in growth parameters, with the 2% Aloe vera group exhibiting the highest final weight 72.21±1.54 g, weight gain 371.1±4.5%, and specific growth rate (3.21 ± 0.03%/day), alongside the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.54 ± 0.01) (p<0.05). Hematological analysis revealed enhanced red blood cell count (2.32±0.06 ×10⁶/μL), hemoglobin levels (9.0±0.3 g/dL), and white blood cell count (66.5±2.1 ×10³/μL) in the 2% group. Antioxidant enzyme activities (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) increased by 52.1%, 36.2%, and 27.8%, respectively, while malondialdehyde levels decreased by 31.8% related to the (control; p<0.05). Immune parameters were also significantly elevated, including lysozyme activity (14.3±0.5 U/mL) and phagocytic index (33.87±1.3%). These findings indicate that 2% Aloe vera supplementation optimally enhances growth, physiological resilience, and disease resistance in P. hypophthalmus, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic additives in aquaculture

In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to 0.25 mg/L copper alone (Cu treatment) or in combination with 0.5 mg/L polyvinyl chloride microparticles (Cu-MP treatment) for 14 days, followed by a 72-h challenge in brackish water (13 ppt NaCl). After 14 days of exposure, gill copper concentrations were significantly elevated in both the Cu and Cu-MP treatments relative to the control group (P = 0.008), with no significant difference between the two treatments. Gene expression analysis of gill tissue following the exposure period revealed significant upregulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (gr) and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase α1a subunit (nakα1a) genes in the Cu treatment. In contrast, the Cu-MP treatment showed only modest upregulation of gr and significant downregulation of nakα1a. After the subsequent brackish-water challenge, nakα1a expression was significantly downregulated in control fish, whereas gr expression remained unchanged. Overall, these gill gene expression patterns suggest that copper exposure disrupts ionoregulatory homeostasis in common carp, but co-exposure to polyvinyl chloride microparticles does not exacerbate these effects.

Background and Objective: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic condition affecting humans, mainly children, globally. The objective of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of head lice infestation and explore the contributing risk factors among primary school children in Duhok City, Iraq. Methodology: Overall, 460 children of age group 6–7 years during the period from October 2023 to March 2024 were collected from 12 schools in the east part of Duhok City. All children were randomly examined for the presence of any stage of Pediculus capitis. The schools were selected using multistage sampling methods. Results: Overall, 6.3% of the schoolchildren were infested. Among females, the prevalence was higher (8.1%) compared to males (3.1%); it was a statistically significant association at (P<0.05). The current study revealed that the prevalence rate of pediculosis among girls was associated with several variables as follows: hair length, hair tying, wearing a head veil, and experiencing itching: 59.6% had long hair and 40.4% had short hair, while 44.3% tied their hair and 55.7% did not. Only 1.5% wore a head veil, and 10.0% reported experiencing itching. Head lice remain a health problem among schoolchildren. Conclusion: The prevalence of pediculosis can be considerably decreased by raising awareness among teachers and family members, providing them with more training, and enhancing personal health standards.

The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus), is a vital aquaculture species due to its resilience and high nutritional value. This study evaluates the morphometric and feeding characteristics of fifteen C. gariepinus specimens collected from the Chenab River, Pakistan, between November 2021 and May 2022. The morphometric analysis included total length, standard length, body depth, and eye diameter. The total length of the specimens ranged from 13 to 25cm (mean = 16.66±2.37cm), while body weight varied from 23 to 86g (mean= 41.32±13.08g). Significant correlations were observed between total length and fork length (r= 0.979, P<0.001) and between total length and body weight (r= 0.790, P<0.001). The Gastro-somatic Index and frequency of occurrence (%) were used to assess feeding habits. Zooplankton, small crustaceans, and benthic organisms were common prey items. Larger specimens (> 30cm) displayed increased consumption of plant material and fish remains. The study provides insights into the morphometric variability and feeding ecology of C. gariepinus, highlighting its adaptability to local environmental conditions. These findings contribute to understanding growth patterns, health indicators, and dietary preferences, crucial for fisheries management and sustainable aquaculture practices.

Medicinal plants exhibit promising potential for the current needs in aquaculture production which is expected to grow in coming decades to feed a growing population and lead the blue revolution. Medicinal plants are a substitute for phytotherapy in treating fish disease outbreaks and enhance biological and growth performance providing a sustainable alternative to antibiotics and chemicals. A seventy-day trial investigated the active components of herbal extracts in improving fish health, survival, and growth of Thai pangus. Five diets were designed: T1 (Turmeric, 5%), T2 (Garlic, 5%), T3 (aloe vera, 5%), T4 (Mixed, 5%), and a control diet (T5). The fish were fed 30% dietary protein to apparent satiation four times per day. Two thousand individuals were stocked in each tank, with two replicates for each treatment, and an average body weight of 0.2 ± 0.04 g. The physicochemical parameters of tank water remained within the optimum range. The highest final body weight (42.22 ± 0.56), weight gain (42.01 ± 0.82), specific growth rate (7.57 ± 0.02), survival rate (100%) and overall health was observed in T4 with (Mixed, 5%), extract, which was significantly different from the other treatments (p < 0.05), although treatments T1, T2, and T3 also showed improvements compared to the control group, which displayed significant different. The lowest FCR was recorded in T4 (0.8 ± 0.02) which was significantly different compared to other treatment groups (p < 0.05).The T4 enhanced the viscerosomatic index (4.86 ± 0.21) hepatosomatic index (2.16 ± 0.01) and condition factor (0.98 ± 0.05) (p < 0.05). The blood parameters of Pangasius hypophthalmus across all mixed medicinal plant concentration showed significant differences (p < 0.05). The study concludes that medicinal plants are effective nutritional supplements for improving the development and health of P. hypophthalmus under hatchery conditions. They represent a valuable alternative to antibiotics and providing effective, safe, and eco-friendly solutions for sustainable aquaculture.

This study examines the effects of various salinity concentrations on the growth performance and survival of Artemia franciscanaKelloggover a 40-day cultivation period under controlled laboratory conditions at the Saline Water Aquaculture Research Centre (SWARC) in Muzaffargarh. The experiment included five treatments: T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4, with salinity levels of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40ppt, respectively. Each treatment was conducted in duplicate, and the nauplii were stocked at a density of 100 naupliiper aquarium. A total of 1,000 nauplii were randomly distributed across ten aquariums to assess morphological traits and survival rates. Results revealed that salinity had a significant effect (p<0.005) on the growth and survival of A. franciscana. Growth parameters–such as weight gain, final length, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)–were highest at 40 ppt, while the poorest performance was observed at 20 ppt. Moreover, survival rates also improved significantly (p<0.005) with increasing salinity, reaching a maximum of 94.8% at 40 ppt. The study suggests that higher salinity levels within a specific range can improve the growth and reproductive success of brine shrimp, paving the way for optimised aquaculture systems.

Abstract Background: Bone health disparities between genders play a key role in osteoporosis risk, especially among older adults. Comparative research on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) across genders is vital for tailored prevention strategies. Objective(s): This research examined gender-based differences in BMD and BMC using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and assessed related osteopenia and osteoporosis risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed 143 adult participants (30 men, 113 women). DXA scans evaluated BMC, BMD, T-scores, and Z-scores at multiple skeletal sites. Gender comparisons were statistically analyzed. Results: Men had significantly greater BMC (1.40±0.22 kg vs. 1.11±0.37 kg, p<0.0001) and BMD (0.84±0.10 g/cm² vs. 0.71±0.12 g/cm², p<0.0001) than women. T-scores reflected osteopenia/osteoporosis risk in both groups, though women showed poorer outcomes (-2.85±2.97 vs. -2.54±0.60, p<0.001). Z-scores further indicated elevated osteopenia risk in women (-1.55±1.17 vs. -2.09±0.58). Conclusion: Women exhibited markedly lower BMD and BMC than men, underscoring their increased vulnerability to bone deterioration. Gender-focused interventions are essential for redu

Extensive research on the impact of salinity on artemia populations worldwide, there remains a gap in knowledge about the culture of artemia at different salinity levels with varying feed sources. So, this study aims to cultured Artemia franciscana in controlled conditions at different salinity concentration levels and feeds to check the survival rate and make available live feed sources to reduce cannibalism. This study benefits aquaculture, fulfilling the massive demand to produce brine shrimp at a low cost in the natural ecosystem to upgrade aquaculture production. Our results revealed a significant positive correlation between salinity and SR, with nauplii survival peaking at 90.23 ± 0.83% at 40 ppt. Adults similarly exhibited the highest SR (94.76 ± 65.77%) at 40 ppt. Dietary comparisons showed C. vulgaris outperformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with nauplii SR reaching 80.04 ± 4.55% versus 61.19 ± 4.55% (p < 0.005) and adult SR stabilizing at 90.9 ± 3.5% versus 57.6 ± 3.1% (p < 0.05) by day 41. Survival trends were inversely related to salinity for S. cerevisiae, suggesting nutrient limitations or metabolic stress. Conversely, Chlorella vulgaris supported incremental SR improvements, likely due to its rich fatty acid and protein profiles. These findings highlight the synergistic benefits of high salinity (35–40 ppt) and C. vulgaris diets in optimizing A. franciscana culture. In this study, A. franciscana showed a maximum survival rate of nauplii, and an adult was found at 40 ppt with two organic feeds, showing that C. vulgaris is considered a good potential feed with a maximum survival rate as compared to Baker´s yeast (S. cerevisiae).

This study investigates heavy metal contamination in soils of the Duhok-Zakho Highway of Iraq, where 20 samples were collected along a 50-km-long highway to assess Cu, Pb, Fe, Mg, Co, Ni, and Mn concentrations. Results revealed significant spatial variations in metal concentration, where the ranking of the metals followed: Fe > Mn > Mg > Ni > Co > Pb > Cu. The enrichment factor analysis indicated moderate to very high levels, while the geoaccumulation index exhibited a high level of metal enrichment, surpassing the standard background value. The ecological risk was assessed as moderate. Noncarcinogenic risk analysis revealed that Fe and Mn posed extreme noncancer risk, with ingestion accounting for 99.95% of exposure. Children showed 10 times more vulnerability than adults to non-cancer risks. Carcinogenic risk derived from Ni and Pb exceeded the USEPA guideline threshold (1 × 10−6), with the children facing 25 times greater risks than the adults. The toxicity leaching test revealed substantial metals leaching (64–79%), suggesting a high potential for heavy metals to transport downstream the agricultural farmland and probable groundwater contamination. The findings highlight the impact of vehicleinduced metal pollution and industrial operations on heavy metal distribution in highway soils.

Although inexpensive plastic items are helpful, they have greatly improved modern living. The increased micro-nanoplastics pollution has become a primary worldwide environmental concern, and aquaculture is becoming a research hotspot for investigation. They are small enough to be ingested by a wide range of organisms and may cross some biological barriers at a nano-scale. Micro-nanoplastics in aquatic habitats seriously threaten the entire food web. Micro-nanoplastics enter marine ecosystems through rivers, runoff, and atmospheric deposition, while radioactive contaminants come from industrial discharges and nuclear waste. Moreover, micro-nanoplastics can absorb hazardous contaminants i.e. radioactive isotopes and release harmful compounds, which degrade the aquaculture environment. Marine life can experience developmental delays and reproductive problems due to the micro-nanoplastics buildup in aquatic habitats and with radioactive contaminants exacerbating these effects. Thus, there needs to be more concern about aquaculture's ability to turn a profit. Promising techniques have also been observed for ecological purification and interception. To lessen the impacts of micro-nanoplastics contamination, several removal techniques, including filtering, coagulation, and sophisticated oxidation procedures, have been investigated. Additionally, improving aquaculture management practices, enhancing fishing gear, and utilizing better packaging materials are practical solutions currently being implemented. Developing portable monitoring systems for micro-nanoplastics and using remote sensing technology are anticipated to play significant roles in managing this pollution.

This experimental trial aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with Sargassum ilicifoliumon the growth performance and hematology of Labeo rohita. Fingerlings weighingan average of2.36g were allocated into the control and three treatment groups (3%, 5%, and 7% BSW), each with triplicate(25 fingerlings/aquarium) for 90 days after acclimatized for two weeks. The results indicated that the highest growth rate (P<0.05) occurred intheT3 treatment group, with a final weight of 5.31±0.00a, followedbyT2 (4.84±0.01b), and T1(4.63±0.00c), while the lowest growth was observed in the control group(4.20±0.02d). Maximum weight gain was recorded in T3, which contained the highest level of Sargassum supplementation. Other treatments also showed higher weight gain than thecontrol group. Specific growth rate and protein efficiency were also observed to be higher in treatment groups,particularly in T3,thaninthe control group. Hematological profiles,i.e.,red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), Hemoglobin(Hb), Hematocrit(HCT), blood indicesand leukocytes count also showed better results in T3 and other treatments as compared to the control group. These findings suggestahigh inclusion of sargassumis most effective for promoting the growth and enhancement of the hematology of Labeo rohita, and it isan environmentally sustainable way, as it is economical, environmentally friendly, and readily availablealternative for aquaculture.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) on the growth performance, trace element concentrations, and serum enzyme activityof Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) over a 90-dayfeeding trial.Four experimental diets with varying levels of Si-NPs were prepared: the first group (GRP1) was given 0 mg/kg, the second group (GRP2) received 1 mg/kg, the third group (GRP3) was supplemented with 2 mg/kg, and the fourth group (GRP4) had 3 mg/kg of Si-NPs.Results revealed that moderate levels of Si-NPs (1-2 mg/kg) significantly improved growth performance (p< 0.05), with GRP3 exhibiting the highest final weight (35 ± 0.44 g), weight gain (22.4 ± 0.5 g), and feed conversion ratio (1.269 ± 0.023).In contrast, GRP4 (3 mg/kg) showed reduced growth. Trace element analysis demonstrated that Si-NPs at 1-2 mg/kg enhanced the bioavailability of essential elements such as Sodium (Na), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), and Zinc (Zn), while higher doses disrupted trace element homeostasis. Serum enzyme activities, including Alanine Aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), were significantly reduced in GRP2 and GRP3, suggesting a protective effect against oxidative stress and tissue damage. However, enzyme activities of GRP4 returned to control values, implying a threshold effect. The research indicates the beneficial effect of Si-NPs as a food supplement for growth enhancement, nutrient assimilation, and protecting the fish against oxidativestress if dosingis carefully adjusted to avoid toxicity.

This study investigated the effects of dietary Quercus infectoria seeds (QIS) supplementation on lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 toxicity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during a 60-day experiment. Four experimental groups were established: T0 (control, basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 5 mg/L Pb(NO3)2), T2 (basal diet + 10g/ kg QIS), and T3 (basal diet + 10g/ kg QIS + 5mg/ L Pb(NO3)2). Growth performance, hematological parameters, and somatic indices were evaluated. Results showed that T2 exhibited a significantly highest final weight (257.4 ± 12.7g, P < 0.001) and daily weight gain (1.8 ± 0.28g/ day, P < 0.05), while T1 had the lowest final weight (171.1 ± 4.7g, P< 0.05) and daily weight gain (0.33 ± 0.26g/ day, P< 0.05). Hematological analysis revealed that T1 had elevated white blood cell counts (12.8 ± 1.15 × 10³/mm³, P < 0.05) and reduced red blood cell counts (9.6 ± 1.20 × 10⁶/mm³, P< 0.05) compared to T0. QIS supplementation in T3 partially mitigated Pb-induced toxicity, as evidenced by intermediate growth and hematological values. These findings suggest that QIS enhances growth performance and alleviates Pb toxicity in common carp, highlighting its potential as a natural detoxifying agent in aquaculture.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on growth, blood parameters, and physiological status in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The study was done at the Fish Lab, Biology Department, University of Zakho. The trial was conducted on 80 juvenile common carp divided into four groups: T0 (control, basal diet), T1 (10% C. vulgaris), T2 (85mg/ kg Fe-NPs), and T3 (both C. vulgaris and Fe-NPs) during 60 days of experiment. The results indicated an enhancement in growth performance, as the T3 group recorded the highest final total length (24.29±0.35cm, P<0.05), final body weight (167.7 ± 5.67g, P<0.05), and relative growth rate (RGRlength: 22.35±6.1, P<0.05). The hematological parameters demonstrated a remarkable improvement, with T3 recording the highest red blood cell (RBC) count (15.4±0.25 ×106mm-3) and preserving hemoglobin (Hb) levels (10.97±0.37g/ 100ml). The white blood cell (WBC) counts, on the other hand, were preserved equally in all of the experimental groups. PCV was significantly decreased in T1 (P<0.05), but it remained stable in T2 and T3. Condition factors, such as Fulton's condition factor (F. K), were at the highest in T3 (1.242 ± 0.05). Furthermore, the modified condition factor (F. Kb) and relative condition factor (F. Kn) were also significantly improved in T1 and T3 (P<0.05). The hepatosomatic index (HSI: 2.58 ± 0.54%, P<0.05) and gill somatic index (GSI: 2.63 ± 0.33%, P < 0.05) exhibited their highest values in T3. It can be concluded that C. vulgaris and Fe-NPs profoundly improved the growth, hematological parameters, and some physiological parameters of common carp, indicating their potential as green dietary supplements in aquaculture.

Herbal feed additives have benefits in aquaculture, as they can improve growth performance, welfare, and stress resistance. Hence, the effects of dietary Prosopis farcta extract (PFE) on the growth parameters, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant defense, innate immunity responses, and resistance to ammonia stress in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were studied. Fish (15.14 ± 0.72 g) were fed on diets without the PFE (PFE0) or those fortified with 0.5% (PFE0.5), 1% (PFE1), or 2% (PFE2) PFE for 60 days and then subjected to ammonia stress for 24 h. The growth rate, feed efficiency, and amylase-, lipase-, and protease-specific activities in the PFE1 and PFE2 treatments showed significant elevations compared to these values in PFE0. The intestinal protease-specific activity significantly increased in all of the PFE treatments compared to that in the PFE0 treatment. Serum total protein and immunoglobulin significantly increased in the PFE1 treatment, whereas serum albumin and alternative complement activity significantly increased in the PFE2 treatment compared to these values in the PFE0 treatment. The PFE2 treatment significantly mitigated post-stress elevations in serum cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde levels, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities. The PFE1 treatment significantly mitigated post-stress elevations in CAT activity and decreases in SOD and lysozyme activity. In conclusion, 1–2% dietary PFE supplementation can improve the growth performance, health, and resilience to environmental stressors of the common carp.

Abstract Acidifiers serve as effective feed additives that enhance fish growth and welfare. This study investigates the effects of a mixture of lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium sorbate (denoted as OA, in a 1:1:1 ratio) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the first time. A total of 240 fish, each weighing approximately 18.5 grams, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each consisting of four replicates containing 15 fish. The fish were fed diets supplemented with varying levels of OA: 0 g/kg (Control), 2.5 g/kg (A-2.5), 5 g/ kg (A-5), and 10 g/kg (A-10) for a duration of 56 days. Growth performance, calcium and phosphorus levels in

Monosex (male) Nile tilapia had three times better growth than the female. The excessive and unobservable use of hormones for fish production and sex reversal negatively affects fish production, profitability, fish, and human health but the optimum MT and TTE intake has a favorable impact on fish growth, health and profitability. Fish sex reversal has been significantly affected by phytochemicals, which are currently being investigated as a natural alternative agent. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of Tribulus terrestris extracts (TTE) and 17α-methyl testosterone on sex reversal, growth performance, survivability, and adaptability for Nile tilapia. A 66-day trial was conducted with four formulated diets: T1 (40 mg/kg of 17α-MT + TTE), T2 (50 mg/kg of 17α-MT + TTE), T3 (60 mg/kg of 17α-MT + TTE) and a control diet (T4). The fish were fed 36% dietary protein and daily ration of feed ranged from 10 to 14% of their body weight and feeding frequency up to eight times a day. Eight hundred healthy seeds (0.02 ± 0.01 g initial weight) were randomly distributed (2000 fish/tank) in four concrete tanks (548 cm × 213 cm × 100 cm) each; length × width × depth). The maximum weight gain (WG), final body length (FBL), final body weight (FBW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), sex reversal, profitability and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Nile tilapia were recorded in T2, significantly varied compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). The highest percentage (100%) of tilapia males was observed in T2, which was significantly different from other treatments (p < 0.05). T2 (50 mg kg−1 of 17α-MT + TTE) showed the highest growth in Nile tilapia and had a major impact on fish health, blood, and morphological indices. The phenomenal regression also indicated that the T2 dose is optimum for 100% Oreochromis niloticus mono-sex seed production.

The present study evaluated the role of rice protein meal (RPM) as a cost-effective and widely available plantbased protein source in the diets of O. niloticus (Tilapia) and C. mrigala (Mrigal carp). 240 fingerlings were randomly assigned to 12 tanks after one week of the acclimation period. There were three-dietary groups: T0: Control, T1:RPM20, and T2:RPM35, each with two replicates for 90 days. Results showed that T2:RPM35% exhibited significantly higher zoo-technical (weight, PER, CF, SGR) performance. T2 showed higher weight gain (4.03 ± 0.02a ) compared to T0 and T1 in Tilapia (P < 0.0001), and Mrigal carp had significantly higher weight gain in T1 (3.3 ± 0.16a ) and T2 (3.70 ± 0.12a ) treatments compared to T0 group (P < 0.02). Proximate body composition analysis revealed that T2 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher moisture, crude protein, and ash content compared to others. Notably, Tilapia in the T0 group exhibited higher crude fat levels, in the same manner Mrigal carp in T2 showed similar results. Additionally, the activity of protease and amylase was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T2 for both species. Histological analysis revealed that T2 enhanced nutrient absorption and reduced lipid accumulation. T2:RPM35% was most effective in promoting sustainable growth and improving nutrient utilization in both species

Silica nanoparticles (Si-NPs) are increasingly prevalent in various industrial applications, potentially impacting aquaculture. The study investigated the effects of dietary Si-NPs on growth performance and its repercussions on muscle compositions in Stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis). In this study, four isonitrogenous diets containing Si-NPs (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg) were fed to juvenile H. fossilis for 60 days. Several growth indices (weight gain, WG; percent weight gain, %WG; length gain, LG; and specific growth rate, SGR), feed utility parameters (feed conversion ratio, FCR; feed conversion efficiency, FCE; and protein efficiency ratio, PER) and survival rate was assessed at the end of the feeding trial. This study showed significant effects of Si-NPs (2 mg/kg) in the growth and muscle composition of H. fossilis. However, Si-NPs did not significantly affect the feed utility of H. fossilis. The findings of this study recommended that Si-NPs can be effectively supplemented into the diets of H. fossilis for better production.

Abstract This research examines the structural features of the efferent ductules (EDs) in healthy doves (Spilopelia senegalensis) collected from local hunters in Assiut, Egypt. After slaughter, the efferent ductules were promptly dissected and preserved in Bouin's fluid. Utilizing a combination of histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques, we explored the architecture of EDs, focusing on the stroma and parenchyma. The lining epithelium was made up of a simple columnar to the pseudostratified columnar epithelium, ciliated, secretory, and basal cells. However, this study is the first to identify telocytes within the peritubular region of the dove’s efferent ductules, highlighting their potential role in tissue communication and regeneration. Additionally, androgen receptor expression was detected in the epithelial cells and spermatozoa within the lumen, suggesting a significant role in the male reproductive system.

ABSTRACT Good nutrition is essential for a balanced lifestyle and effectively addresses nutritional disturbances. Nutraceuticals, particularly flavonoids found in plant-derived foods, show diverse medical advantages, particularly anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Myricetin, a flavonol found in fruits and vegetables, is notable due the prospect of nutraceutical benefit and cancer-protective properties. Cancer is a major worldwide health problem, and existing treatments can lead to difficulties. Although breakthroughs in cancer therapy, it's still an important factor of mortality worldwide, with high expenditures and unpleasant consequences. Antioxidant-rich medicinal plants and biologically active compounds have the potential to avoid and treat diseases. To overcome these challenges, the search foralternative anticancer drugs is crucial. Herbal medicines, particularly flavonoids, significantly influence cellular and molecular mechanisms and channels associated with Cancer initiation and metastasis. Myricetin, a dietary flavanol, exhibits notable pharmacological activities, especially in the realm of anticancer effects against various humancancers. Myricetin, a polyhydroxy flavonol, emerges as a promising candidate, in cancer prevention is evident through various mechanisms, making it a subject of extensive research. This review provides a most recent record of research findings on myricetin's anticancer potential,emphasizing its multifaceted contributions, safety considerations, optimal doses for various types of cancer, and implications in experimental studies. Additionally, difficulties such as bioavailability improvement through nano-formulations and the synthesis of derivatives for further exploration are discussed. The evidence gathered underscores myricetin's potential as asynergistic agent with existing anticancer drugs and offers valuable insights for researchers inthe field.

Abstract Monosex (male) Nile tilapia had three times better growth than the female. The excessive and unobservable use of hormones for fsh production and sex reversal negatively afects fsh production, proftability, fsh, and human health but the optimum MT and TTE intake has a favorable impact on fsh growth, health and proftability. Fish sex reversal has been signifcantly afected by phytochemicals, which are currently being investigated as a natural alternative agent. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efects of dietary inclusion of Tribulus terrestris extracts (TTE) and 17α-methyl testosterone on sex reversal, growth performance, survivability, and adaptability for Nile tilapia. A 66-day trial was conducted with four formulated diets: T1 (40 mg/kg of 17α-MT+TTE), T2 (50 mg/ kg of 17α-MT+TTE), T3 (60 mg/kg of 17α-MT+TTE) and a control diet (T4). The fsh were fed 36% dietary protein and daily ration of feed ranged from 10 to 14% of their body weight and feeding frequency up to eight times a day. Eight hundred healthy seeds (0.02±0.01 g initial weight) were randomly distributed (2000 fsh/tank) in four concrete tanks (548 cm×213 cm×100 cm) each; length×width×depth). The maximum weight gain (WG), fnal body length (FBL), fnal body weight (FBW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), survival rate (SR), specifc growth rate (SGR), sex reversal, proftability and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Nile tilapia were recorded in T2, signifcantly varied compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). The highest percentage (100%) of tilapia males was observed in T2, which was signifcantly diferent from other treatments (p<0.05). T2 (50 mg kg−1 of 17α-MT+TTE) showed the highest growth in Nile tilapia and had a major impact on fsh health, blood, and morphological indices. The phenomenal regression also indicated that the T2 dose is optimum for 100% Oreochromis niloticus mono-sex seed production.

This study evaluated the growth performance and fed utilization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed floating diets with varying protein levels across summer (JuneAugust) and winter (December-February). During these periods, fish were acclimated to temperatures of 25.3°C in summer and 18.7°C in winter. Four dietary treatments with protein levels of 30%, 28%, 26%, and 35% were tested on 900 juvenile carp per group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in daily feed consumed (DFC), total feed consumed (TFC), daily protein consumed (DPC), and total protein consumed (TPC) across treatments and seasons. Higher protein diets (28% and 35%) led to better growth in both seasons. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) were highest at 26% protein, indicating optimal protein utilization. Specific growth rate (SGR), metabolic growth rate (MGR), and condition factor (K-factor) were significantly higher with the 28% protein diet in summer, aligning with improved feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). These results highlight the importance of protein optimization for season-specific growth, driven by temperaturedependent metabolic processes, essential for sustainable carp aquaculture. Keywords: Mosul Dam, feed consumed, Cyprinus, Protein utilization

This study investigated the effects of varying salinity levels on the growth and nutritional composition of the pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) over 60-day intervals. Fish seeds (25.3g) from Tawakal Fish Hatchery were acclimated and then exposed to four salinity treatment groups: T0 (0 ppt), T1 (2 ppt), T2 (4 ppt), and T3 (6 ppt). Parameters including salinity, temperature (26.2°C), pH (8.13), and dissolved oxygen (7.32mg/ L) were monitored daily. Fish were fed a commercial diet twice daily at 5% of their body weight. Significant differences in growth parameters were observed. Initial body weight remained consistent across treatments (P> 0.05), but final body weight decreased upon increasing salinity, with significant reductions in T2 and T3 compared to T0 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Weight gain also significantly declined with higher salinity levels (P< 0.01), and feed conversion ratio increased with salinity (P< 0.01). Nutritional analysis revealed that crude protein decreased significantly with increasing salinity, while crude fat and ash content increased (P< 0.05 to P< 0.001). The study confirms that elevated salinity adversely affects growth and nutritional composition, with significant impacts indicated at higher salinity levels.

This review article effectively highlights the critical issue of microplastics, emphasizing their global prevalence and significant impact on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Categorizing microplastics into primary and secondary particles underscores the urgent need for research and action to address the growing plastic pollution crisis, as it poses severe environmental threats that demand immediate, coordinated efforts from the scientific community and policymakers alike. Micro-plastic pollution is a significant global concern that has far-reaching consequences for the environment and human activities, particularly aquatic ecosystems. Microplastics have become pervasive in all marine environments, from the surface waters to the deep ocean, even in remote regions. Their small size, lightweight nature, and colorful appearance make them highly mobile and easily dispersed by wind and water currents. They enter the ocean through rivers, runoff, and atmospheric deposition. They are easily ingested by various species, from zooplankton to large fish and marine mammals. Consequently, the production of these compound pollutants may also find its way into the food chains of aquatic life and, after an extended period of enrichment, into the human body. Furthermore, cumulative harmful effects of compound pollution on human health and the natural environment are a result. The accumulation of microplastics in their organs can disrupt physiological functions, cause behavioral changes, and impair growth and reproduction. Addressing this problem requires global cooperation and a multifaceted approach to reduce plastic production and better manage plastic waste.

Using semi-thin sections, the present investigation examined the microscopic characteristics of the lungs of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus). The lungs were composed of Intrapulmonary conducting airways and respiratoryfaveoli. Intrapulmonary airways originate from the terminal portion of the bronchus, which extendsinto the lung to create thebronchial tree. The bronchus was lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium composed of both ciliated and non-ciliated cells, and it was supported by plates of hyaline cartilage. The central lumen is surrounded by contractile fibersthat contain smooth muscle cell bundles and are covered by ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The central lumen communicates with thefaveoli.Separating adjacent faveoli are pulmonary trabeculae covered with various cell types, including type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, and pulmonary macrophages. Some substantial pulmonarybronchi were also supported by small cartilageplategranules and lined with ciliated epithelium. Type I pneumocytes were flat cells, whereas type II pneumocytes had cuboidal cells with vacuolated cytoplasm. Surface irregularityand vacuolated cytoplasm were features of pulmonary macrophages. In addition, the connective tissue of the pulmonary septa contained immune cells, such as Mast and Eosinophils. In conclusion, the microstructure of the lung of the Nile monitor closely resembles that of other reptile species. However, the distinction between intrapulmonary cartilage palates and pulmonary septa raises the concept of species differentiation. In addition, the discovery of various types of pulmonary immune cells enhancesthe Nile monitor's ability to persist in a variety of environments by enhancing its pulmonary immunity.

n investigation was carried out to explorethe effect of salinity on the growthand flesh quality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), a significant species in global aquaculture. Fifty juvenilecatfish of weight 24.25±0.4g were collected from the Chenab River in Pakistan and acclimatized in controlled aquaculture conditions at different salinity levels NaCl (T1; 0, T2; 2, T3; 4; T4; 6, and T5; 8 ppt)over 60 days. Growth performance indicators, includingfinal weights,weight gain, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio(FCR), were measured. The statistical result indicated that the fish in lower salinity environments (0-2 ppt) exhibited significant (p < 0.05)final weights, weight gain, and growth rates, with performance declining significantly as salinity increased. The best FCR1.2±0.01was indicatedat 0 ppt, while the highest salinity (8 ppt) was revealedin the FCR 1.7±0.04. Proximate composition analysis indicatedthat crude protein and moisture content elevated with salinity while crude fat and ash content decreased. These resultssuggest that C. gariepinusthrives in slightly brackish conditions, with optimal growth at low salinity levels. However, higher salinities adversely impactphysiological health and growth performance

Water is sourced from various locations, including lakes, wells, artificial reservoirs, and rivers. Contamination of these sources poses a significant threat to human health, highlighting the need to monitor water quality. This study focuses on evaluating the water quality in the Duhok governorate of the Kurdistan region, Iraq, by analyzing several key physicochemical parameters: turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺). Over a period spanning from January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 1,374 water samples were collected from different sources, including reservoirs, deep wells, springs, the Duhok dam, and the water supply network within the Duhok governorate. The analysis revealed that parameters such as turbidity, pH, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Na⁺ varied significantly across the three years studied. In contrast, other parameters like TDS, EC, TAL, Cl⁻, and K⁺ showed no significant fluctuations. The results also indicated a decrease in most physicochemical parameter values in 2021 compared to 2019 and 2020, with the exception of turbidity. Overall, the majority of water samples were found to be within safe drinking limits. Ongoing monitoring of these water sources is essential to detect any variations in water quality promptly

This study evaluated how feeding the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at multiple protein levels affected their growth and body composition during the winter season. Four experimental diets with varying protein levels were tested, with protein levels of 30% (T1), 28% (T2), 26% (T3), and 35% (T4), respectively. Fish were obtained and kept in a water culture pond with dimensions of 4x4x3 meters. Fish average weight was 148.7± 5.76g, while its length measurements were recorded at 24.33± 2.45cm, fork length at 21.15± 2.34cm, and standard length at 18.96± 1.66cm. The fish were purchased from a hatchery farm in Mosul City, northern Iraq. For 90 days, the fish were fed experimental feed once daily until they reached satiation. Compared to other treatments, fish fed T2 (28% protein) showed higher daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight growth rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate. The feed diet T2 had the highest Fulton and modified condition factor, reaching 4.84± 0.14; 2.81± 0.03, whereas the highest condition factor was recorded (3.34± 0.16; 2.1± 0.03) for feed treatment T3. Feeding indicators in the feed treatment T2, such as total feed intake, daily feed consumption, and total protein productivity, were greater. The protein efficiency ratios of the fish groups fed formulations T2, T1, and T3 were recorded at 1.32± 0.004, 1.34b± 0.004, and 1.425c± 0.007%, respectively. In comparison, a significant difference was detected for the fish group consuming feed T4, with a value of 1.058d± 0.009%. For the length-weight relationships, an isometric growth (26, 35%) was recorded for T3, an allometric positive growth for T2, and a negative growth for T1.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic disorder characterized by the backflow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction. This condition causes esophageal mucosal damage, leading to symptoms such as heartburn and chest pain, and is associated with increased risks of severe complications, including esophageal adenocarcinoma. Aims To review the current state of GERD management and assess the potential of photochemical plant-based treatments as alternatives to conventional therapies. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed to describe the status of GERD in detail while focusing on the emerging role of plant-based therapies in GERD management. Results Traditional treatments for GERD are effective but often come with side effects and limitations. Plant-based treatments, particularly those with photochemical properties, are potential complementary therapies. Preliminary data suggest these alternatives may improve symptom management and patient outcomes. Conclusions While standard treatments for GERD are widely used, their limitations necessitate exploring alternative options. Photochemical plant-based therapies offer a promising, supplementary approach, pending further validation through research and clinical trials.

This review investigates the different zoonotic infections transmitted from fish to humans, focusing on microorganisms such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The study aims to elucidate the pathways through which these infections occur, the severity of the diseases in humans, and the clinical manifestations in fish and humans. The primary transmission methods include ingesting undercooked fish, contact with contaminated water, and exposure through open wounds. Notably, zoonotic bacteria, such as Vibrio, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, and Aeromonas, present significant health risks and economic impacts on aquaculture. Parasitic infections, such as those caused by Anisakis and liver flukes, often result from consuming raw or undercooked fish, leading to gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Viral pathogens like noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are primarily transmitted via contaminated seafood. Though less common, fungal infections can occur through direct contact with infected fish or the environment. This review emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnostic techniques for detecting zoonotic agents and highlights preventive measures to mitigate the risks. Effective management strategies include educating those in fish handling, ensuring proper cooking and handling practices, and implementing robust monitoring and quality control systems within aquaculture settings.

The present study assessed the effects of dietary yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and costmary, Tanacetum balsamita, essential oilon growth performance, biochemical parameters, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Four diets containing1 g/kg yeast (Sc), 0.1 g/kg costmary essential oil (Tb), 1 g/kg yeast + 0.1 g/kg costmary essential oil (Sc + Tb), and without Sc and Tb(control) were formulated and fed (2.5% per day) to triplicate groups of fish (average: 9.8 g; SD : 0.12) for 8 weeks. Each replicatewas a 70-L tank, stocked with 25 fish. Then, the fish were intraperitoneally challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila, and blood sampleswere taken from the fish before and 12 hr postinfection. All experimental groups showed significantly higher growth performanceand feed efficiency, compared to the control, and the highest values were related to Sc + Tb treatment (P <0:001). Sc group showedsignificant elevations in the intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities, but Tb group showed only elevation in lipase activity.The highest amylase (P ¼ 0:026), lipase (P ¼ 0:036), and protease (P ¼ 0:009) activities were observed in Sc + Tb treatment. Thepostchallenge survival of Sc (70.0%), Tb (73.3%), and Sc + Tb (76.6%) treatments were significantly (P ¼ 0:038) higher than thecontrol (56.6%). Bacterial challenge significantly increased plasma cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, andsuperoxide dismutase, but decreased lysozyme, alternative complement, albumin, globulin, and catalase (P <0:001). The Tbtreatment showed improvements in plasma antioxidant, immunological, and biochemical parameters, compared to the Sc treat-ment. The Sc + Tb treatment showed the highest albumin, globulin, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin, alternative complement,glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, but the lowest cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde, and catalase, before/after thechallenge (P <0:001). In conclusion, dietary Sc + Tb supplementation positively affects growth performance, antioxidant, andimmunological responses, thereby augments resistance of Nile tilapia to A. hydrophila infection

The aim of the present study was to assess if pre-exposure to water copper and/or polyvinyl chloride microparticles affects the transcriptional responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to saltwater exposure. Fish were exposed to 0.25 mg/L copper alone (Cu) or in the presence of 0.5 mg/L polyvinyl chloride microparticles (Cu-MPVC) for 14 days, followed by 72 hours of salt water exposure (0 to 13 ppt NaCl). The copper content in the gills and the expression of heat shock protein (hsp70) and cytochrome P450 family 1 (cyp1a) transcripts were examined. The results showed that gill copper levels increased significantly (P = 0.008) in the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments after 14 days of exposure, compared to the control fish; the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments had similar gill copper levels. After 14 days of exposure, branchial expression of the hsp70 and cyp1a genes was significantly up-regulated in the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments. Exposure to salt water led to a significant down-regulation of the gene transcripts in all treatments after 24 h of exposure. At this point, the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments showed transcripts similar to those of the control fish prior to saltwater exposure. The fish treated with Cu-MPVC showed significantly higher hsp70expression 72 h after saltwater exposure than the other treatments. At this time point, the control and Cu fish had significantly lower cyp1aexpression than before saltwater exposure. In conclusion, the present data suggest that copper exposure induces stress in the fish gills, and thepresence of MPCV in the water hampers normal transcriptomic responses of the fish gills to saltwater exposure

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic technique that uses powerful magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the human body. The aim of this study is to investigate to how static magnetic fields (SMF) affect the levels of trace elements and biochemical parameters in MRI staff’ blood serum. This study examines the impacts of these exposures of 18 participants (9 males and 9 females) aged between 25 and 60.on the levels of trace elements in the blood serum and the biochemical parameters of the MRI staff at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok and Zakho General Hospital-Bidari in Zakho City. Eighteen participants, consisting of nine males and nine females aged between 25 and 60, were selected from these hospitals. The researchers obtained blood samples and conducted analysis to determine the presence of trace elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as well as numerous biochemical markers. The results showed that potassium and calcium levels increased with age, and older females had considerable deviations. Chloride levels exhibited a significant increase with age in both males and females. Glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels showed an increase with age, suggesting the possible damage to kidney function caused by continuous exposure to MRI. Increased levels of liver enzymes (GPT, GOT, ALP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were noticed, particularly in older females, indicating potential liver and thyroid dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of applying strict safety protocols and conducting regular health assessments for MRI personnel to minimize the possible hazards.

Squalene (SQ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon compound found abundantly in various sources, including shark liver, olive, and plant oils. SQ plays a pivotal role as a precursor molecule in humans and animals in synthesizing vitamins, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, maintaining healthy skin, and protecting against UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In the realm of medicine, SQ has emerged as a promising adjuvant in vaccines. Its role in enhancing immune responses has been studied extensively, contributing to the efficacy of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. SQ has been confirmed to possess strong anti-tumor activity and inhibitory features against the development of cancer. Because of this, it is frequently used as a supplementary treatment for many forms of cancer. Intriguing and hopeful are the epidemiologic and laboratory studies looking into SQ's anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, SQ's stability during storage and technological processes adds to its appeal as a dietary supplement and functional ingredient in various food products. Additionally, as research progresses, the understanding of SQ's safety and efficacy continues to expand, providing a solid foundation for exploring its potential in various applications. This article study focuses on exploring the multifaceted uses of SQ in medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition.

Abstract: Eruca sativa (E. sativa), commonly known as arugula, salad arugula, or simply arugula, is an annual plant species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. This leafy vegetable is widely cultivated for its edible leaves, characterized by a distinctive peppery flavor. The seeds are used for their rich fatty acid oils. This botanical specimen has been incorporated into various forms of traditional medicinal practices such as anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, digestive, aphrodisiac, and rubefacient effects. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and flavonoids. This vegetable's broad therapeutic potential and diverse components are under ongoing research, enhancing our understanding of its medicinal properties. This review explores the phytochemical components of E. sativa and its efficacy in treating various diseases, offering a summary of its medicinal properties. Furthermore, it emphasizes the plant's importance in human health and suggests potential directions for future research in natural medicine. Keywords: Eruca Sativa, Arugula, Phytochemical Composition, Disease Prevention, Disease Treatment.

An investigation was carried out to explore the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization efficiency, condition factor, and lengthweight relationships in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). 3600 C. carpio were sourced from a Mosul fish hatchery and transported to a private farm in Khanki township, where they were divided into four groups of 900 each. Following a day of acclimation, the fish were placed in 4× 4× 3m water culture ponds and fed diets with different protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T2: 28%, T3: 30%, and T4: 35%) for 90 days. From each group, twenty fish were selected for data collection. Results indicated that the growth parameters, such as daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight gain rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate, were higher in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T1) compared to other protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T3: 26%, and T4: 35%). Nutrient utilization parameters, including daily feed consumption, total feed consumption, daily protein consumption, and total protein consumption, were elevated in fish fed with 35% protein (T3). T2 exhibited a significantly higher feed efficiency ratio and protein productive value compared to other diets. The feed conversion ratio was markedly decreased in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T2). Fulton condition factor and modified condition factor were significantly elevated (P< 0.05) with a 28% protein diet (T2), while the relative condition factor decreased. The length- weight relationships indicated isometric growth in T3 (26, 35%), allometric positive growth in T2 (28%), and negative growth in T1 (30%). In conclusion, the study highlighted the superior growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency in common carp when fed a 28% protein diet (T2).

The study aimed to investigate the effects of arsenate (As) exposure on body weight, and kidney enzymes activities, assess histopathological changes in this tissue, and explore the potential protective role of spirulina (Sp) in reducing the harmful impacts of (As) on kidney health. The research utilized forty-eight female Wistar rats and divided them into six groups, including a control group that fed a normal diet and distilled water, the second group the rat treated with a 5mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenate-only group, the group three and four the rats treated with spirulina at different doses (300mg and 600mg), and the last group treated with combined (As) and (Sp) treatments. After four weeks of the experiment, the kidney was collected for enzyme analysis and histological examination. The results showed that As exposure decreased body weight (BW) compared to the control group, while (Sp) supplementation partially improved body weight. Arsenate exposure significantly increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in kidney tissues. However, spirulina supplementation at different doses reduced the enzyme levels, albeit statistically not significantly. The histological examination revealed As exposure resulted in necrosis, congestion, leukocyte infiltration, glomerular atrophy, and fibrosis, while Sp supplementation showed limited effects on reducing these changes. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the toxic effects of As and suggests that Sp supplementation may offer some protection against its harmful impacts on kidney health.

Arsenic (As), a notorious human poison, originates from natural sources. The rising presence of arsenic pollution in groundwater, used for irrigation, human consumption, and industry, has become a major public health concern. This study aimed to assess Spirulina's impact on hematological and lipid parameters in rats exposed to arsenate. Forty-eight female rats were categorized into six groups: a control group with a standard diet, a group receiving 5mg/kg sodium arsenate (As), two groups taking 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg Spirulina (Sp), and two groups combining As and Sp at the same doses. After 28 days, blood samples were collected after an overnight fast and anesthesia for hematological and lipid profile tests. As exposure led to a significant reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and an increase in white blood cell count (WBCs). However, red blood cell (RBC) parameters, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), showed minor non-significant changes. Conversely, treatment with 300mg/kg or 600mg/kg Spirulina resulted in slight increases in RBC parameters, with a notable PCV increase in the 600mg/kg group. Furthermore, As exposure elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, while reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, Sp supplementation at 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg levels restored these lipid parameters to levels similar to the control group, suggesting Spirulina's potential to alleviate arsenic-induced adverse effects on hematological and lipid parameters in rats.

Abstract The disease Leishmaniasis is a neglected illness with two major forms clinically including cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. From almost 100 endemic countries, an estimated one million additional records of leishmaniasis each year are documented. In the past decade, the number of confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis has decreased dramatically as a consequence of an improved approach to diagnosis and care and more intensive, though usual cycles may play a role in the severity of disease transmission. In the cutaneous form of leishmania disease (CL), the lesion is located in some parts like the face and arms. Whereas a visceral form of leishmania (VL) disease the parasite infects internal organs such as the liver and pancreas. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) record leishmaniasis as one of the ignored temperate disorders for which the improvement of novel therapies is required. Significant evidence gaps remain, and new methods are required before leishmaniasis can be definitively managed. Recent advances in our understanding of leishmaniasis and its clinical manifestations, as well as the immunological aspects of leishmaniasis, are the key objectives of this study.

Background: Arsenic (As) contributes to metabolic disorders, including diabetes, and disrupts the functions of multiple systems, leading to associated diseases and dysfunctions. This study aims to investigate the effects of Arsenic on plasma and liver enzymes, assess liver tissue histopathological changes, and explore spirulina's potential protective role against As-induced liver damage. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into six groups, including control, sodium arsenate-only (5mg/kg body weight), Sp-only (300mg and 600mg), and combined As and Sp treatment groups. Plasma and liver samples were collected after four weeks of treatment for enzyme analysis, and part of the liver tissues were examined histologically. Results: Arsenic exposure significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels in plasma and liver. However, Sp supplementation at different doses showed a reduction in enzyme levels, although not statistically significant. Histological examination revealed liver damage in the As-exposed group, including congestion, leukocyte infiltration, and endothelium detachment. Sp supplementation partially attenuated these changes. Conclusion: This study enhances understanding of As's toxic effects and suggests that Sp supplementation may offer some protection against As induced liver damage. Recommendation: To improve the findings, additional parameters such as oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, and liver function tests should be incorporated. These measurements will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of arsenate exposure.

This research was done to find the effect of spirulina (Arthospira platensis) on some physicochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with an initial body weight of 510.3±7.02g were collected from a private farm in Khank Township, Sumeel District, Duhok Government, Iraq. Fish were separated into two groups (twenty fish in each group), the carp in the first group fed on pellets alone while the second fish group fed on pellets with 10 mg/kg spirulina for 90 days. Results; there was no significant change of morphological parameters in fish feeding with commercial spirulina pellets compared with control fish group. In contrast, a significantly increases in the average daily and total gain, the specific growth rate and the condition factor in the fish fed commercial pellets with spirulina compared with control fish. Regarding the complete blood pictures, a significantly higher of the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit observed in spirulina fish compared with the first group while a significant decreases of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in fish feds commercial pellets with spirulina. Furthermore, highly significant differences were seen among lipid profile parameters with exception of significantly reduce of low-density lipoprotein in fish fed diets with spirulina. Moreover, significant increases levels of the total protein and globulin were observed in spirulina fish compared with the first group while a reduction of albumin level was noted. In addition, a significant reduction of the level serum enzyme activities of fish fed with commercial pellets with spirulina compared with the control fish. This study concludes that the diet with spirulina supplementation has a crucial roles in growing performances and hematological and biochemical parameters in fish.

P53 is a 393 residue protein in humans made up of five proposed domains, with which the central DNA binding domain with 100-300 sequences very important for the direct binding of p53 in the promoters of its target genes to specific response elements. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene with cellular stress like oxygen deficiency, oxidative stress, radiation and carcinogens substances, is stimulated has major roles in translational regulation and feedback processes. A wide assortment of harm signals that relate a stability, post-translational alteration and recruitment of p53 to binding sites in chromatin which activate the p53 pathway. As a transcriptional activation, p53 mediates transcriptional changes which facilitate cell death, senescence or reversing and protective arrest of the cell cycle. P53 is a protein under intense investigation because it is necessary to prevent tumor, in human tumors have been found to deregulation of p53 activity. On this article study focuses the mechanism of suppressive p53 effects in the response to any stress and correlation of the mutation p53 with different tumor.

Abstract Background: Epithelial ovarian carcinomas represent a diverse category of neoplasms, including clear cell, endometrioid, serous, and mucinous subtypes. Often diagnosed at advanced stages, these carcinomas exhibit distinct biological characteristics and varying responses to treatment. Histologic diagnosis of these subtypes can be challenging due to overlapping morphological features. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on the use of specific markers for the detection and differentiation of epithelial ovarian cancer subtypes. The focus is on insights gained from histological and histopathological analyses. Results: The review highlights the importance of antigen-antibody reaction-based techniques in identifying epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Key markers, including SATB2, CK67, HNF1B, PAX8, P53, P16, ER, and PR, play crucial roles in tumor detection, differential diagnosis, and understanding pathogenesis. These markers form a panel for the effective diagnosis and characterization of epithelial ovarian cancer. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) significantly enhances the histological diagnosis of gynecological diseases. The molecular revolution has improved the understanding of gynecological cancers, with immunohistochemistry techniques advancing the identification and characterization of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. This progress includes insights into tumor aggressiveness and the potential efficacy of targeted therapies.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The rapid and recent rise in the pandemic of cardiovascular disease im-plies that the environment plays a significant role. Numerous biological systems, such as the cardiovascular, blood-forming organs, liver, and kidneys, can be affected by gas-oline and smoking. Because filling station employees, repair service workers, gasoline truck drivers, and refinery workers are all at a greater risk of being exposed to gasoline fumes. Even though gasoline and smoking have been investigated for so many years, few studies have looked into the effects of gasoline exposure combined with smoking on a variety of physiological mechanisms. As a result, we propose that combining gas-oline exposure with smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and impaired hepatic function.

Now the election is inescapable in our community. Today elections increase social and environmental troubles such as noise pollution, water pollution, air and soil pollution, health hazard and inimical socioeconomic impact. During the election days, Duhok city is exposed to a high levels of noise pollution coming from private cars, public transports, trumpeting, drumming, shriek, pyrotechnics, etc. It is well-known noise pollution as one pollutant sources that could affect the quality of life across the globe. In this work we have monitored the noise levels in different places of Duhok town. Using a Digital Sound Level Meter (model SL-200), we made a preliminary assessment of noise levels per election, and the data were compared with post-election days. The data were collected during the period (10th Augst to 10th October 2018) from (08.00am to 12.00pm) at 12 different sites within Duhok city. In most areas, the noise was ranging between 60 to 65 dB with an average of 66.03 dB in the mornings, 71.9 dB in the afternoon and 80.29 dB in the evening during the election period while 63.8, 65.98 and 72.2 dB, 63.55, 66.73 and 74.47 dB were average levels in the morning, afternoon and evening of pre and post elections, respectively. The lowest values of noise were recorded at evenings and it was as follows, 58.5 dB at site 3 in pre-election, 61.3 dB at site 3 in election and 60.6 dB at site 2 at the postelection. This study may help to publicize awareness about noise pollution among the people, by which they will be capable to take required precautionary measures to salvage themselves from the adverse effects of noise pollution and to enhance the quality of the environment.

ABSTRACT:2-Hydroxy Chalcone and its derivatives (compounds 1and 2) were used in a toxicity test on the larvae and adults of confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Du Val). Mortality tests were done by applying different concentrations (0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ppm) on2-Hydroxy Chalcone and its derivatives whichwere exposed by topical application with 5 μL of each compound and the data wererecorded after 24 h of treatments. The mortality % of[7-Hydroxy-9-(pyridine-4-yl)-6H-benzo[C]chromen-6-one]in(compound 2) were 26.6, 50 and 76.67% and 16.67, 36.67and 63.3% and 13.3, 23.3 and 36.6 % to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. While in[ 3-thinyl-1-(2-hydroxynaphthyl) -1-propene] (compound 1), the mortality % were 23.3, 40 and 66.6% and 13.3, 30and 56.6% and 6.6, 16.6 and 26.6 % to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. The results indicated that (comp.2) was the most toxic one and (comp.1) was the least toxic to confusedflour beetle when applied singly. The calculated LC50 values to (compound 2) were 0.019, 0.028 and 0.074 ppm to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. While to (compound 1), the LC50 valueswere 0.025, 0.034 and 0.106 ppm to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. The order of toxicity of the chemical compounds was 2 > 1. These chemical compounds can be used to control confused flour beetle

Taurine (Tau) is an amino sulfonic acid, which is widely distributed in animal tissues, whereas it is almost lacking in plants with the exception of certain algae, seaweeds, and few others. In the aquafeed industry, Tau is mainly used as a feed additive to promote growth in marine fish species with limited cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity. In particular, Tau supplementation is required in feeds in which fishmeal (FM) is substituted with high percentages of plant-derived protein sources such as soybean meals (SBM) that have much lower levels of Tau than FM. In addition to being a growth promoter, Tau exert powerful antioxidant properties being a scavenger of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under sustained swimming conditions, an intracellular increase in ROS production can occur in fish red muscle where the abundance of mitochondria (the main site of ROS formation) is high. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the effects of dietary Tau on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) growth and oxidative stress response induced by swimming exercise. Individually tagged fish of 92.57 ± 20.33 g mean initial weight were fed two experimental diets containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM. One diet was supplemented with 1.5% of Tau. Tau supplemented in the diet had a positive effect on fish growth, and enhanced swimming performance and antioxidant status. Two swim endurance tests were performed during the feeding trial. Metabolic oxygen consumption (MO2) was measured during exercise at incremental swimming speeds (0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, and then 4.2 BL (body length) s−1, until fatigue). Fish maximal sustainable swimming speed (Ucrit) was determined too. To investigate the antioxidant effect of dietary Tau, we also measured ROS production in fish blood by RBA (respiratory burst activity) assay and quantified the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) , such as SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPX (glutathione peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) in red muscle and liver. There was a significant effect of Tau upon Ucrit during exercise. Additionally, ROS production was significantly lower in fish fed with Tau supplemented diet, supporting the role of Tau as ROS scavenger. The protective effect of Tau against oxidative stress induced by forced swimming was denoted also by a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes gene expression in fish liver and muscle. Taken together these results demonstrate that Tau is beneficial in low FM-based diets for seabass.

ABSTRACTThe present work was designed to study the effect of omega-3 and multivitamins on aluminum-induced changes in some tissue enzymeslevel in male albino rats. Forthe present work,seventy adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups; fed on normal diet and treated as follows: Controlgroup1supplied with tap water. Group 2 supplied with 0.2 ml/rat of the vehicle (oil). Group 3 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution. Group 4 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and dilutedacetic acid solution (0.5 %). Group 5 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rataluminum solution and omega-3. Group 6 supplied orally with0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and multivitamins. Group 7 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and both antioxidants, omega-3 and multivitamins. After treating the animals with thetested materials daily for 30 days,the activities of serum alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), acid Phosphatase(ACP), AlanineTransaminase (ALT) and AspartateTransaminase (AST)were increased while their activities inliver and brain tissues were significantly decreased.The toxicity of Aluminumwas enhanced in the presence of acid as indicated by further changes in the levels of above parameters as compared with those of Al treated animals. The toxic effect of Al,in the presence of antioxidants such as omega-3 and multivitamins,was comparatively reduced and the studied parameters showed tendencies to change toward the normal levels. Thus, animals treated with Al in the presence of above antioxidants showed slight decreases in the activities of tissues ALP, ACP, ALTandAST. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the toxic effect of Al in the presence of acid was enhanced, whereas its toxicity was greatly reduced in the presence of the antioxidants such asomega