Complementary medicine has emerged with the history of humanity and has become widespread with the use of natural products in the treatment of many diseases. People have used many plant species in the treatment of diseases by benefiting from trial and error and knowledge. Plants have been used as shelter, food, medicine, spices, cosmetics, and tools for use in religious rituals. Different communities around the world have widely used local plants. In addition, the cosmopolitan species are used by all people in the treatment of diseases. Genus Salvia is a plant species that is widely known and used worldwide for its nutritional properties as well as its many biological activities. There are many secondary metabolites in different parts of the plant. Thanks to these secondary metabolites, it shows different biological properties. Salvia species have remarkable activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer. It is also an important natural resource with its high nutritional content. In this study, the nutritional contents, usage areas, chemical compositions and pharmacological properties of Genus Salvia were reviewed. In this context, the use of Salvia species in pharmacological designs and their nutritional importance were emphasized. As a result, it has been determined that members of Genus Salvia are one of the important plant species used in complementary medicine.

Humans find several uses for plants. Not only is it good for you from a nutritional standpoint, but it has also been used to cure a wide range of illnesses. In this research, we analysed Campanula strigosa Banks & Sol. for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were also calculated. For this purpose, a soxhlet apparatus was used to extract ethanol and methanol from the plant's above-ground portions. The effectiveness of antioxidants was measured using Rel Assay kits. The agar dilution technique was used to test for antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungus species. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to quantify total phenolic content. An aluminium chloride assay determined the total flavonoid concentration. Studies found that the plant extract had a TAS value of 4.974±0.259 mmol/L, a TOS value of 12.437±0.150 µmol/L, and an OSI value of 0.251±0.014. The plant extract was shown to be effective against bacterial strains at concentrations between 100 and 400 µg/mL, and against fungal strains at concentrations between 50 and 100 µg/mL. Ethanol extract also had a greater total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid content. C. strigosa was shown to have antibacterial and antioxidant properties in this study.

Microbial diseases have become quite common in recent years. The interest in new antimicrobial drugs is increasing due to the possible side effects of synthetic drugs and the emergence of resistant microorganisms due to unconscious antimicrobial drug use. Mushrooms have the potential to be used as a natural resource in the fight against microorganisms. In this context, in this study, the effects of different fungal species against different viral diseases were compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different mushroom species are effective against Herpes virus (HSV-1, HSV-2, BoHV-1, HCMV), Influenza (A, B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H9N2) and Parainfluenza, Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Poxvirus, Vaccinia virus, Poliovirus, Vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Adenovirus, Syncytial virus (RSV), Dengue virus (DENV-2), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus, Feline calicivirus (FCV), Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus, Coronavirus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV). In this context, it is thought that mushrooms can be a very important natural resource against viruses.

Many natural products are used in complementary medicine. Plants are widely used among these natural products. In this study, it was aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant status and antimicrobial activity of Hesperis pendula DC. In this context, the above-ground parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol and methanol. The total antioxidant level of the plant was determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits (Megatıp/Türkiye). The total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum chloride assay was used to estimate the total flavonoid content. Antimicrobial activity was tested against bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the ethanol extract of the plant had higher TAS (Total antioxidant status)(5.707±0.194 mmol/L), TOS (Total oxidant status)(21.646±0.239 µmol/L) and OSI (Oxidative stress index)(0.380±0.017) values. Total phenolic content was higher in ethanol extract (116.78±2.51 mg/g) while total flavonoid content was higher in methanol extract (93.64±2.16 mg/g). It was observed that the ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant inhibited the growth of bacteria at 100-200 µg/mL concentrations. It was determined that ethanol extract inhibited the growth of fungi at 200 µg/mL concentration and methanol extract at 200-400 µg/mL concentrations. In this context, it was determined that H. pendula could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

The treatment of microbial infections has proven challenging for humans in recent years. Synthetic medications, such as antimicrobial agents, are used for treating these infections. Antimicrobials derived from natural sources have gained popularity as an alternative to manufactured medications due to their lack of adverse effects. Plants, which play a significant role in this setting, have historically served as a reliable natural defence against several pathogens. In this study, studies on plants used against viral diseases are mentioned. Studies on viruses that cause disease have been compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different plant species are effective against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus (A, B) and parainfluenza, Poliovirus, Astrovirus, Parvovirus, Sindbis virus (SINV), Feline calicivirus (FCV), Rhinovirus, Echovirus, Rotavirus, Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Reovirus, Vaccinia virus (VACV), Cardiovirus A (Encephalomyocarditis virus; EMCV), Coxsackie virus, Semliki forest, Measles virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Coronavirus, Adenovirus (ADV-3, ADV-5, ADV-8, ADV-11), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus and Enterovirus. To combat viruses, plants can be considered a potentially invaluable natural resource.

Since prehistoric times, humans have relied on plants for a wide variety of needs, including sustenance, shelter, thermal regulation, and medical treatment. Plants are significant organics because of the many ways they may be put to use. The white radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin) was tested for its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, as were its tuber and aerial portions. A soxhlet was used to extract ethanol from plant material. The antioxidant and oxidant capacities were tested with the use of Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits. The agar dilution technique was used to test for antimicrobial activity against the bacteria and fungus included in the experiment. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the tuber extract of the plant was measured as 6.698±0.187, the TOS value as 5.609±0.245 and the OSI value as 0.084±0.002. The TAS value of the herbal aerial parts extract was 4.689±0.223, the TOS value was 3.746±0.128, and the OSI value was 0.080±0.003. Inhibition of tuber extract was observed at concentrations varying between 25-100 against bacterial strains and 200 µg/mL against fungal strains. Aerial parts extract showed inhibition against bacterial strains at concentrations varying between 100-200 and against fungus strains at concentrations ranging from 200-400 µg/mL. As a result, it was determined that the white radish plant has significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Objective: Plants are preferred for biological effect. It is a natural resource used in the field of alternative medicine due to its biological effect. In our study, the total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) and total antioxidant status (TAS) of Viola odorata L. species were detected. In addition, antimicrobial and antiproliferative effect of species was detected. Material and Method: The some parts of the species were used with the help of a soxhlet equipment, and ethanol was preferred as a solvent. TOS, OSI and TAS capacitiy were detected using Rel Assay kits. Agar dilution method was preferred to determine antimicrobial effect against bacteria and fungi. Lung cancer cell line (A549) was used to find out the antiproliferative effect by MTT assay. Result and Discussion: Consequently, the studies, the TAS capacitiy of V. odorata extract was detected as 6.752±0.139, the TOS capacitiy as 7.886±0.224 and the OSI capacitiy as 0.117±0.001. V. odorata extracts were determined to be influential against standard bacteria at 25-100 μg/ml intensiy and against fungi at 100-200 μg/ml intensiy. It was detected that the antiproliferative effect of V. odorata extract increased depending on the extract intensiy and showed strong effects. Consequently, it has been detected that V. odorata has important biological effects and in the pharmaceutical industry, it can be preferred after certain stages.

In this study, the antioxidant activity of Alcea kurdica (Schltdl.) Alef. was investigated to reduce the effects of oxidant compounds. In addition, DNA protecting activity, antiproliferative activity, antibacterial, antifungal activities, phenolic contents, and chemical compositions of plant extracts were determined. Plant samples were collected from Zakho (Iraq). In addition, methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the root parts of the plant were obtained. As a result of our studies, it was determined that A. kurdica has important biological activities. In addition, it was determined that Gallic acid, Syringic acid, Chlorogenic acid, and Quercetin was within the plant. In addition, 12 compounds were determined as a result of GC-MS analysis. As a result, it has been determined that it can be used to reduce the effect of oxidative stress from plant samples. In addition, it is also thought to be an important pharmacological …

In this study, the antioxidant activity of Alcea kurdica (Schltdl.) Alef. was investigated to reduce the effects of oxidant compounds. In addition, DNA protecting activity, antiproliferative activity, antibacterial, antifungal activities, phenolic contents, and chemical compositions of plant extracts were determined. Plant samples were collected from Zakho (Iraq). In addition, methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the root parts of the plant were obtained. As a result of our studies, it was determined that A. kurdica has important biological activities. In addition, it was determined that Gallic acid, Syringic acid, Chlorogenic acid, and Quercetin was within the plant. In addition, 12 compounds were determined as a result of GC-MS analysis. As a result, it has been determined that it can be used to reduce the effect of oxidative stress from plant samples. In addition, it is also thought to be an important pharmacological …

Plants are widespread throughout the world in large areas. This spread also increases the interest in plants. From prehistory to the 21st century, plants have always maintained their popularity with their various uses. Among the reasons why plants have been preferred in the field of medicine recently, this popularity and the increase in the use of synthetics are the main reasons. These conditions have led to an increase in the demand for the plant. In our study, the pharmacological effect of the Nuphar lutea plant sample was investigated. In this context, antimicrobial and antioxidant contents were examined. Methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) extracts of underwater and above-water leaf parts of N. lutea were obtained. Rel Assay kits were used for antioxidant (TAS) and oxidant (TOS) values. Agar dilution technique was used for antimicrobial analysis. In our study, the TAS value of the N. lutea sample was found as 2.987±0.071, the TOS value as 12.955±0.360 and the OSI value as 0.434±0.007. In the antimicrobial activity study, EtOH extract was effective at 100-400 µg/mL concentration against bacterial strains and at 100 µg/mL concentration against fungal strains. In addition, it was determined that the MeOH extract was effective at 200-800 µg/mL concentration against bacterial strains and 100 µg/mL against fungal strains. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the N. lutea plant could be used as both an antimicrobial and an antioxidant agent.

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Lepidium spinosum Ard., which is distributed in many regions of the world, were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were dried, powdered and extracted with ethanol. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. Antimicrobial activities of the plant extract were determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the plant extract was determined as 4.550±0.132, the TOS value as 12.610±0.221, and the OSI value as 0.277±0.007. In addition, it has been found to be effective at 25-200 µg/mL against standard bacterial strains and 100-200 µg/mL concentrations against fungal strains. As a result, it was determined that L. spinosum used in our study could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source. In this context, it is thought that natural material may be used in pharmacological designs.

Plants have been used for many purposes in different communities. Plants used in alternative medicine since ancient times have been the main material in the treatment of many diseases. In this context, it is very important to determine the biological potential of plants. In our study, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Euphorbia eriophora Boiss. were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol in a Soxhlet device. TAS, TOS and OSI values of the plant extract were determined using Rel Assay kits. In addition, the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was measured by the DPPH method. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the plant extract was 5.390±0.227, the TOS value was 20.971±0.348, and the OSI value was 0.390±0.014. The DPPH activity of the plant extract was determined to have an inhibition value of 68.721±1.694% at 2 mg/mL concentration. As a result, in our study, it was determined that E. eriophora has antioxidant potential and can be used as a natural antioxidant agent in this context.

Bitkiler birçok biyolojik aktiviteden sorumludur. Bu kapsamda tamamlayıcı tıpta önemli doğal materyallerdir. Bu çalışmada Urtica dioica L. bitkisinin total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stres indexi (OSI) belirlenmiştir. Bitkinin toprak üstü kısımlarının etanol ile soxhlet cihazından özütleme işlemi yapılmıştır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerleri Rel Assay kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Çalışma sonucunda bitki özütünün TAS değeri 7.817±0.314, TOS değeri 10.866±0.404 ve OSI değeri 0.139±0.007 olarak ölçüldü. Bu kapsamda bitki özütünün yüksek antioksidan potansiyelinin olduğu belirlendi. Ayrıca oksidan seviyelerinin normal düzeylerde olduğu görüldü. Sonuç olarak U. dioica bitkisinin doğal antioksidan ve oksidan kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Many different natural materials are used in complementary medicine. Among natural products, herbal materials are used quite a lot. Centaurea rigida Willd. was used as material in this study. The antioxidant and oxidant potential of the plant was determined. The aerial parts of the plant sample were extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were measured with Rel Assay kits. As a result of the studies, the total antioxidant value of the plant was determined as 3.522±0.166, the total oxidant value as 15.424±0.281 and the oxidative stress index as 0.440±0.020. It was determined that the plant has antioxidant potential, but its oxidant values are high. As a result, it was determined that C. rigida could be used as a natural antioxidant source.

It is known that plants have been used by humans for a very long time in the treatment of diseases. A wide variety of plant species grown in different regions have been very successful in the treatment of many diseases. In this study, Echium italicum L. plant collected from different regions was used as material. The plant was extracted with ethanol in a soxhlet device. Then, antioxidant and oxidant levels of the plant extract were determined using Rel Assay kits. As a result of the analysis, the TAS values of the plant were determined 5.442±0.240 (Gaziantep), 4.896±0.081 (Hakkari) and 6.056±0.139 (Mersin), TOS values were 21.372±0.747 (Gaziantep), 12.255±0.341 (Hakkari) and 19.107±0.438 (Mersin), OSI values were 0.395±0.027 (Gaziantep), 0.250±0.005 (Hakkari), and 0.316±0.005 (Mersin). It was observed that antioxidant and oxidant values changed as the regions where the plant was collected changed. In addition, it was determined that E. italicum could be a natural antioxidant source.

Plants have been used by humans to treat diseases. Different plant species have been very successful in treating different diseases. Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. was used as a material in our study. The plant was extracted with ethanol (EtOH) in a Soxhlet apparatus. Then, the antioxidant (TAS) and oxidant status (TOS) of the plant extract were determined using Rel Assay kits. Their antimicrobial activities were tested against standard bacteria and fungus strains by the agar dilution method. As a result of the analysis, the TAS value of plant extract was determined as 9.490±0.195, TOS value as 14.839±0.253, and OSI value as 0.157±0.005. In this context, it was seen that the plant has important antioxidant potential. In addition, the plant extract was found to be effective against test microorganisms at 25-100 μg/mL extract concentrations. Also, the extract was found to be more effective against fungus strains (C. albicans, C. Glabrata, and C. krusei). As a result, it was determined that H. salicifolium could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

Objective: Alternative medicine has an important place in the fight against many diseases in human history. The biological activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was investigated in this study. Material and Method: The root parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was tested against standard bacteria and fungus strains using the agar dilution method. Antiproliferative activity was determined by MTT test against Lung Carcinoma Cell Line (A549). Result and Discussion: As a result of the studies, the TAS value of the plant was measured as 8.770±0.171, TOS value as 14.590±0.191 and OSI value as 0.167±0.005. Inhibition of the plant extract was observed against standard bacteria and fungus strains at ranging from 50-200 µg/mL concentrations. In addition, it was determined that the plant extract displayed strong antiproliferative activity due to the increase in concentration. As a result of these studies, it has been determined that G. glabra can be used as an important natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agent.

Plants have been used for centuries to treat various diseases. In this study, Marrubium globosum Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. plant was used as a material. The extract of the plant was extracted with the help of soxhlet device using ethanol, which is a good polar solvent, and Rel Assay kits were used to determine the oxidant and antioxidant levels in the plant extract. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of M. globossum were tested against standard bacteria and fungus strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the analysis, TAS value of plant extract was determined as 7.677±0.231, TOS value as 12.387±0.083 and OSI value as 0.162±0.004. In this context, it has been observed that the plant has an important antioxidant potential. In addition, the plant extract was found to be effective against test microorganisms at 50-200 μg/mL extract concentrations. As a result, it has been determined that M. globossum can be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

Many people in different parts of the world benefit from alternative medicine in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Plants are among the important natural materials used in alternative medicine. In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Datura stramonium L. was determined. Ethanol extracts of the plant's flower parts were obtained in the soxhlet device. The antioxidant and oxidant potential of the plant extract was determined using Rel Assay TAS and TOS kits. Antimicrobial activity was tested by the agar dilution method. The TAS value of the plant extract was 7.559±0.224 mmol/L, the TOS value was 10.711±0.243 μmol/L, and the OSI value was 0.142±0.002. It was determined that the plant extract was effective against bacteria and fungus strains at 100-400 μg/mL concentration. As a result, it was determined in our study that D. stramonium can be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.

In this study, antioxidant, oxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities of Asparagus acutifolius L. and Asparagus officinalis L., known for their nutritional properties, were determined. In this context, methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of plants were obtained. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities of plant extracts were determined against the test microorganisms using the agar dilution method. Antiproliferative activity was tested on the lung cancer cell line A549. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the plant species have high antioxidant potential. In addition, it was observed that the antifungal potentials of plant extracts are high. Antiproliferative activity was determined to be at high level in both plant species. As a result, it …

Plants come to the fore with their nutritional properties. In addition to its nutritional properties, it is also known to have medicinal properties. In this study, antioxidant, oxidant and antimicrobial activities of the aerial parts of Rumex scutatus L. collected from Antalya province were determined. In addition, the phenolic contents of the plant were determined. The above-ground parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol and water. Then, antioxidant and oxidant status were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities were determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. Phenolic contents were measured in HPLC device. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the plant has high antioxidant activity. It also showed high activity especially against gram negative bacteria. In addition, Catechin, Epicatechin, Chlorogenic acid, Sinapic acid, Qumaric acid and Benzoic acid were detected in the plant. As a result, R. scutatus was determined to have significant biological activity. It is also thought to be an important source in terms of the compounds detected in its body.

Lateral loads (eg, wind and earthquake loads) lead to shear forces as well as the axial loads and moments on the structural members. Although reinforced concrete (RC) columns are commonly assumed as slender members and are not expected to represent shear dominant response characteristics, experimental studies have shown that even slender columns have shear responses. Hence, in seismic design, the shear strength of columns must be accurately predicted to prevent shear failure of columns. Validation of Requirements for Design and Construction of RC structures (TS500) for shear strength calculation of RC columns by a broad range of test data has been neglected in the literature. In this study, 57 test results of rectangular RC columns were collected from available laboratory tests to verify the shear strength calculation approach in TS500. Additionally, a statistical comparison of results obtained from TS500 with Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-19) has been studied in this study. Maximum shear strength of RC columns obtained from the previously studied test data was compared with shear strengths calculated according to TS 500 as well as with the results obtained from ACI318-19. Comparisons are scrutinized in terms of shearspan-to-depth ratios, reinforcing ratios, material properties, and stirrup spacing as well as axial load ratios applied on top of the columns. Investigation of existing design equations reveals a significant difference in prediction. This study will be extended by adding further test results from the literature to provide crucial comments about the shear strength calculation of RC columns in …

Plants have been indispensable products of nature in human history. People used plants for many purposes such as building shelters, smells, flavors, medicines, warming tools, and weapons. In this study, antioxidant and oxidant potentials of Hypericum spectabile JAUB. ET SPACH were determined. Ethanol extract of the plant was extracted in soxhlet apparatus. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were determined using Rel Assay kits. Free radical scavenging activity was measured using the DPPH method. TAS value of the plant was determined as 4.215±0.038, TOS value as 23.421±0.161 and OSI value as 0.556±0.001. DPPH free radical scavenging activity increased with increasing concentration. It showed 86.74% inhibition at 2 mg/mL extract concentration. As a result, it was determined that H. spectabile has high antioxidant potential.

Plants are important natural materials used in complementary medicine. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Scorzonera papposa DC. collected from Duhok (Iraq) and Gaziantep (Turkey) regions were determined. Extracts of aerial parts and roots of the plant with ethanol were obtained. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were determined by using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. Antimicrobial activities were tested against bacteria and fungus strains using the agar dilution method. In our study, it was determined that S. papposa has important antioxidant activity. Also, It was found that extracts of plant parts were effective at 50-800 µg/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that S. papposa could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent that can be used in complementary medicine.

Plants are important antioxidant sources. In our study, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of endemic Helleborus vesicarius Aucher ex Boiss. were determined. The aerial parts of the plant samples were dried and extracted with ethanol (EtOH). TAS and TOS values of plant extract were determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits. As a result of the studies, the TAS value of H. vesicarius was determined 5.548±0.23, the TOS value was 13.778±0.119 and the OSI value was 0.249±0.009. In this context, the plant has been shown to have significant antioxidant potential.

In this study, antioxidant, oxidant and oxidative stress index of Thymbra spicata L. collected from Duhok (Iraq) region were determined. The aerial parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol. Rel Assay Diagnostics kits were used for detect TAS, TOS and OSI values. As a result of the studies, it was determined that TAS value of plant extract was determined 8.399±0.102, TOS value was 6.530±0.115 and OSI value was 0.078±0.001. As a result, it was determined that T. spicata has high antioxidant potential and in this context, can be used as a natural resource.

In this study, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Allium stamineum Boiss. Collected from Duhok (Iraq) region were determined. The bulb sections of plant samples were extracted with methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM). Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index of the plant were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined against bacteria and fungus strains using the agar dilution method. Phenolic contents were scanned using the HPLC device. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the plant was high antioxidant activity. It was determined that antimicrobial activity was effective on microorganisms at 25-200 µg/mL concentrations. As a result of HPLC analysis, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Syringic acid were determined in the plant. As a result, it was determined that A. stamineum can be an important pharmacologically natural source.

In this study, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Allium stamineum Boiss. Collected from Duhok (Iraq) region were determined. The bulb sections of plant samples were extracted with methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM). Total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index of the plant were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activity was determined against bacteria and fungus strains using the agar dilution method. Phenolic contents were scanned using the HPLC device. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the plant was high antioxidant activity. It was determined that antimicrobial activity was effective on microorganisms at 25-200 µg/mL concentrations. As a result of HPLC analysis, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Syringic acid were determined in the plant. As a result, it was determined that A. stamineum can be an important pharmacologically natural source.

In this study, biological activities and phenolic contents of endemic Ferulago platycarpa Boiss. & Bal. were determined. Within the scope of biological activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and oxidant status of plant extracts were determined. Phenolic contents were determined by using HPLC. Antimicrobial activity was determined against bacteria and fungus strains using the modified agar method. Antioxidant and oxidant status were calculated with Rel Assay kits. Gallic, chlorogenic, cinnamic, syringic acids, epicatechin, catechin and quercetin were found in the plant. It was also determined that the plant has antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. But, because of higher TOS value, it was considered that the plants, which were collected from region suitable for OSI value, could be a natural antioxidant source.

This study determined the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), DNA-protective activity, antiproliferative activity, antimicrobial activity and phenolic contents of methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of A. capillus-veneris leaves collected from the province of Duhok (Iraq). As a result of the studies, it was determined that the MeOH extract of A. calocephalum had a 49.74% free-radical scavenging activity at 2 mg/mL concentration. It was found that the extracts were effective against the test microorganisms at a concentration level of 200-400 µg/mL. TAS, TOS and OSI values were 3.086±0.066, 21.532±0.525 and 0.698±0.002, respectively. The DNA-protective activity of the extracts was found to be weak compared to the positive control. It was found that, depending on the increase in concentration, the extracts showed antiproliferative activity on A549 cells. Furthermore, the HPLC analyses found Catechin, Cinnamic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Rosmarinic acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid with various ppm values. Consequently, it was determined that A. capillus-veneris could be a potential natural source pharmacologically.

Mobile gene elements play an important role in the continuous evolution of the prophage DNA of bacteria, promoting the emergence of new gene structures. This study explored the evolution of four strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring prophages, 19051, 721005, 911021, and 675920, and 16 genomes of K. pneumoniae from GenBank. The results revealed a wide range of genetic variation in the prophage DNA inserted into the sap sites of K. pneumoniae chromosomes. From analysis and comparison of the sequences of the 20 prophage DNAs determined from the four strains and the 16 GenBank genomes of K. pneumoniae using high-throughput sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, we identified a novel transposon, Tn6556. We also identified at least nine large genetic structures with massive genetic acquisitions or losses and five hotspot sites showing a tendency to undergo insertion of gene elements such as IS1T, IS1R, IS26, ISKpn26, ISKpn28, Tn6556, MDR, and In27-related regions as variable regions; however, the only highly conserved core genes were int and umuCD among the 20 prophage DNAs. These findings provide important insights into the evolutionary diversity of bacteriophage DNA contained in K. pneumoniae.

In this study, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the plant samples were obtained. The total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and antimicrobial activity of the different extracts of Satureja hortensis L. collected from Erzincan (Turkey) province were determined. Rel Assay Diagnostics kits are used to determine TAS, TOS and OSI values. Antimicrobial activity was determined with 9 different bacteria and fungi strain (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata) using modified agar dilution method. The plant extracts in this study were antimicrobially effective between 25-800 µg/mL concentrations level on 9 different microorganisms strain. Also the plant extracts showed the highest activity against A. baumannii. As a result, S. hortensis plant from Erzincan province could be a good natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source with its high antioxidant and low oxidant capacity

In this study, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. collected from Duhok (Iraq) were determined. Ethanol, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the fruit part of plant were obtained. Antioxidant potential was determined with TAS and TOS kits using ethanol extracts. Antibacterial and antifungal activity were determined using agar dilution method. Antibacterial activity was determined against 6 bacterial strains ( Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii ). Antifungal activity was determined against Candida albicans, C. krusei and C. glabrata . As a result of the studies, it was determined that plant extracts have high antioxidant activity. It was also found to be effective against bacteria at 25-400 µg/mL concentrations. Plant extracts were found to be more effective against gram negative bacteria. It was found to be effective against Candida species at 400-800 µg/mL concentrations. As a result, it was determined that the fruit parts of plant could be a natural antioxidant and antibacterial source.

This study aims to determine the biological activity of Allium calocephalum Wendelbo collected from the Gara Mountain (Iraq). As part of this, the plant was extracted with methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM). DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), DNA protecting activity, antiproliferative activity, antimicrobial activity and phenolic contents of the extracts were determined as part of the assessment of the biological activity. At the end of several studies, it was concluded that A. calocephalum has strong biological activity. Furthermore, Gallic acid, Catechin, Syringic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Rosmarinic acid and Sinapic acid with various ppm values were found in the plant as a result of the HPLC analyses. As a result, it was determined that the edible plant A. calocephalum could be an important natural resource in pharmacological terms.

The present study aimed to determine the total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index of the ethanol extracts obtained from the fruits of Rosa canina L. plant collected in Erzincan province (Turkey). In this context, the fruit samples of the plant were extracted with ethanol (EtOH) using a Soxhlet device. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. It was determined that the TAS value of the plant was 4.602±0.215 mmol/L, the TOS value was 6.294±0.191 μmol/L and the OSI was 0.138±0.010. As a result, R. canina exhibited high antioxidant activities.

The present study aimed to determine the biological activities and phenolic content in the endemic Rhus coriaria L. var. zebaria Shahbaz. plant collected in Duhok region in Iraq. Thus, plant antioxidant activity was determined with the DPPH method. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured with Rel Assay kits. DNA protective activity was determined using pBR 322 supercoiled DNA. The effects of the plant extracts were tested on A549 cell to determine the cytotoxic effects. Phenolic content was screened with the FIPLC instrument. Anti-microbial activities were tested on 9 microorganisms using modified agar dilution method. The study findings demonstrated that R. coriaria var. zebaria had high level of biological activity. It was also determined that it contained Gallic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Syringic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Caffeic acid, Qumaric acid, Benzoic acid, t-phenolic, Hesperidin and Sinapic acid. The findings suggested that R. coriaria var. zebaria can be used as a natural source in pharmacology due to its high biological activities.

Peptic ulcer represents a serious medical condition, Approximately 500,000 new cases are reported each year, with 5 million people alone affected in United states alone. The highest riskof contracting peptic ulcer disease are those generations born around the middle of the 20th century. Ulcer disease has become a disease predominantly affecting the older population, with the peak incidence occurring between 55 and 65 years of age. Patients with peptic ulcer disease may present with a range of symptoms, from mild abdominal discomfort to catastrophic perforation and bleeding. Most patients with peptic ulcer disease present with abdominal discomfort, pain, or nausea. The various herbal plants are claimed to posses anti ulcer. Preclincial experiments are done to screen the anti ulcer activity in various herbal drugs using various animal models discussed in screening assays