The present study was conducted at Zakho City in Northern Iraq to evaluate three different types of gasoline: Regular, Midgrade, and Premium. These types of gasoline are categorized based on their octane rating, which was measured to verify their classification. The results showed that the initial classification was accurate, with respective values of 87.5, 89.8, and 91.1. The study evaluated the three grades of gasoline available at Zakho Gas Stations in Northern Iraq, including Regular, Midgrade, and Premium. The study also compared the chemical composition of the three gasoline grades in terms of aromatics, olefin, sulfur content, and oxygen content. All the three gasoline grades met the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for chemical composition, and all had acceptable specific gravities. In general, the study showed that the Regular and Premium gasoline types sold in the north of Iraq meet international quality standards. However, Midgrade gasoline is not recommended for use during the summer due to its high RVP value, low initial boiling point (IBP), and final boiling point (FBP), which can lead to increased volatility and environmental pollution, Moreover, using this type of gasoline may cause problems with the car engine.

Texturing by “Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop” (DIC) used as pretreatment technique in both solvent and pressing processes allowed getting higher yields and better kinetics with perfect preservation of quality of Camelina-sativa seed vegetal oil. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used and led to optimize DIC processing parameters of temperature (T) and time (t) at 158 ᵒC for 41 s. For both pressing and solvent, yields were 0.3153 and 0.4490 g oil/g db (dry basis), which were 38% and 22%, respectively higher than the yields issued from the crude Camelina seeds. In addition, the composition of vegetal oil issued from DICtextured Camelina seeds was similar to the crude raw material oil, thus relating a good preservation of the quality.

Camelina seeds are a captivating source of vegetal oil, used for both food and industrial applications. The current work aims at intensifying In-Situ Transesterification (ISTE) using swell-texturing by Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop (DIC). This DIC swell-texturing produced twice more biodiesel (0.7731 against 0.39 35 g FAME/g ddb).

Although Camelina Sativa as oleaginous seeds has obvious advantages as a feed of wonder health benefits, it has been recommended as a highly promising environmental sustainable energy crop and a perfect source of biodiesel. The current work deals with the industrial significance of intensifying the oil and biodiesel yield from Camelina seeds by incorporation of a pretreatment stage for raw material texturing using Instant Controlled Pressure- Drop (DIC) process. The texturing process proved to promote the yield of oils produced by pressing the seeds, and extraction the seeds using solvent, by an amount of 75.9 and 82.9 kg oil /1000 kg seeds, respectively compared to the raw untreated seeds.

Samples of light, medium and extra heavy Kurdistan crude oils and have been de-asphalted and separated into fractions of saturates by elution liquid chromatography technique. The fractions obtained were separated into n-paraffins, isoparaffins by urea adduction and analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. The infrared data confirmed the presence of methyl and methylene groups in the saturate fractions of the crude oils. Tawke paraffins fraction have the highest value of methyl index, while Jamjamal has the lowest, it means that it has the longest chains of saturating hydrocarbon more than others, while Taqtaq isoparaffins have the highest value, Jamjamal has the lowest.

Gasoline cuts have been separated from crude oil of Tawke wells (fourth and eighth) according to ASTM method at one atmosphere. The physical properties of each gasoline have been determined. Also chemical constituents of these gasolines have been examined using gas chromatography and compared with Naphtha Tawke Refinery. Percent of each straight run gasoline from crude oil of both wells have been determined with their Octane Numbers (RON and MON). The current research has been performed to increase the Octane Number of both gasoline and Naphtha using series of oxygenated and organometallic additives. Also, mixed additives of oxygenated and organometallic have been added to this gasoline and Naphtha in order to find the enhancement in Octane Number. These mixtures give more increases in Octane Number than pure oxygenated or organometallic additives.