Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Uropathogenic bacterial-antibiotic resistance has become a severe challenge among UTI-causative agents. Objective: This work attempted to screen the activity of a wide range of antibiotics routinely used for UTI-derived infection management to assess the impact of antibiotics on some common UTI pathogens isolated from females. Method: This retrospective study was performed at Zakho Emergency Hospital, Kurdistan region of Iraq, from January 2016 to December 2019. Conventional bacteriological tests were used to identify the most common isolated uropathogens in females. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The bacterial-antibiotics assay was determined using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method, which depended on the microbiology laboratory records. Results: Out of 1730 urine samples, 1040 (60.4%) were found to be pathogens-positive samples. The most common uropathogens isolated were Staphylococcus spp 44% (n=460), Escherichia coli strains 25.35% (n=265), Klebsiella spp 15.78% (n=65), and Streptococcus spp 14.83 (n=155). Regarding the microbial-antibiotic resistance, ≤ 25% of the UTI investigated cases, except Streptococcus spp, meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin, showed a remarkable effect against all addressed pathogens. Vancomycin was the first choice against gram-positive bacteria in addition to rifampicin and doxycycline for Streptococcus spp. Gentamycin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial against Klebsiella spp. Concerning bacterial-antibiotic resistance ≥75% and excluding Streptococcus spp, amoxicillin, ampicillin/cloxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, cloxacillin, and metronidazole were completely non-functional against all bacteria. Azithromycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, cefixime, nalidixic acid, and ceftazidime showed relatively weak activity against gram-positive bacteria in addition to cephalexin, ceftriaxone, and cloxacillin for Streptococcus spp. Ampicillin, augmentin, penicillin, and cephalexin were comparatively non-functional against gram-negative pathogens in addition to vancomycin, rifampicin, cephalothin, oxacillin, and trimethoprim for Klebsiella spp. All remaining antibiotics produced an activity ranging between ≥25% to ≤75% of examined cases. The results of this work may help clinicians to accurate their antibiotic-bacterial infection empirical treatment. Conclusion: All subjected bacteria exhibited a strong resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Therefore, except for imipenem, meropenem, or amikacin, an antibiotic sensitivity test should be conducted prior to prescribing any antibiotic.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system, including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Uropathogenic bacterial-antibiotic resistance has become a severe challenge among UTI-causative agents. Objective: This work attempted to screen the activity of a wide range of antibiotics routinely used for UTI-derived infection management to assess the impact of antibiotics on some common UTI pathogens isolated from females. Method: This retrospective study was performed at Zakho Emergency Hospital, Kurdistan region of Iraq, from January 2016 to December 2019. Conventional bacteriological tests were used to identify the most common isolated uropathogens in females. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The bacterial-antibiotics assay was determined using the disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method, which depended on the microbiology laboratory records. Results: Out of 1730 urine samples, 1040 (60.4%) were found to be pathogens-positive samples. The most common uropathogens isolated were Staphylococcus spp 44% (n=460), Escherichia coli strains 25.35% (n=265), Klebsiella spp 15.78% (n=65), and Streptococcus spp 14.83 (n=155). Regarding the microbial-antibiotic resistance, ≤ 25% of the UTI investigated cases, except Streptococcus spp, meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin, showed a remarkable effect against all addressed pathogens. Vancomycin was the first choice against gram-positive bacteria in addition to rifampicin and doxycycline for Streptococcus spp. Gentamycin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial against Klebsiella spp. Concerning bacterial-antibiotic resistance ≥75% and excluding Streptococcus spp, amoxicillin, ampicillin/cloxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, cloxacillin, and metronidazole were completely non-functional against all bacteria. Azithromycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, cefixime, nalidixic acid, and ceftazidime showed relatively weak activity against gram-positive bacteria in addition to cephalexin, ceftriaxone, and cloxacillin for Streptococcus spp. Ampicillin, augmentin, penicillin, and cephalexin were comparatively non-functional against gram-negative pathogens in addition to vancomycin, rifampicin, cephalothin, oxacillin, and trimethoprim for Klebsiella spp. All remaining antibiotics produced an activity ranging between ≥25% to ≤75% of examined cases. The results of this work may help clinicians to accurate their antibiotic-bacterial infection empirical treatment. Conclusion: All subjected bacteria exhibited a strong resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Therefore, except for imipenem, meropenem, or amikacin, an antibiotic sensitivity test should be conducted prior to prescribing any antibiotic.

Milk is a high nutritional food and extremely sensitive to bacterial contamination. The current study aimed to assess the presence and density of bacteria in local raw milk. Eighty raw milk samples were collected from four distanced geographical locations at Dohuk Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. For each geographical site, two private farms were randomly chosen for collecting milk samples. A batch of 10 raw milk samples was obtained from each farm for bacterial availability analysis. All samples were incubated with aeration at 37 °C for 24-48h on specific bacteriological media. Aerobic bacteria were observed in all sheep raw milk samples. The mean counts of total aerobic bacterial in samples from all farms were from 1.0 x 104 to more than 3.0 x 106 cfu/mL. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 37.5% (n=30); 50% (n=10); for B, D, and K groups, no S. aureus was observed in Z group. S. aureus density was from 1 x 103 to 4.0 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (D Group); and 2.7 x 104 to 3.0 x 104 cfu/mL (K group). Escherichia coli was found in 23.75% (n=19); 40% (n=8), 50% (n=10), and 5% (n=1) of the raw milk samples for B, D, and K groups respectively as Z group was free of E. coli. E. coli contaminated samples produced bacterial growth from 6.0 x 103 to 7.6 x 104 cfu/mL (B Group); and 1.0 x 103 to 6.0 x 103 cfu/mL (D group) and only one sample from K group was contaminated with E. coli (7.4 x 104 cfu/mL). Klebsiella spp were observed in 57.5% (n=46) of the raw-milk samples; Z group 40% (n=8), B group 80% (n=16), D group 50% (n=10), and K group 60% (n =12). Bacterial abundance was from 2.6 x 104 to 1.88 x 105 cfu/mL (Z group); 1.3 x 104 to 1.51 x 105 cfu/mL (B group); 6.0 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/mL (D group); and from 2.4 x 105 to 1.24 x 106 cfu/mL (K group). Shigella raw milk positive samples were observed in 48.75% (n=39); Z group 100% (n=20), B group 45% (n=9), D group 50% (n=10), while K group was free of Shigella spp. Bacterial density was from 1.9 x 104 to 2.37 x 105 cfu/ mL (Z group), from 5.0 x 103 to 4.8 x 104 cfu/ mL (B group), and from 5.0 x 103 to 2.3 x104 (D group). All sheep raw-milk samples of this work were completely free of any species of Salmonella rods. However, 72 out of 80 examined samples of this study exceeded the total aerobic bacterial count according to the European recommended standards. Good hygienic practices, transporting milk in cold and clean containers, and regular medical checkup for sheep are suggested.

Salmonella typhi and paratyphi A serological diagnosis for 125 university students, including a Widal test and then a molecular method for 18 isolates of Salmonella typhi, is the result of serological diagnosis and finally the genetic method used to ensure the result. These include various steps to first collect samples (125 cases) and then use the Widal test for diagnosis of both bacteria involving typhus and Para typhus A than the molecular method also used, including PCR, Gel electrophoresis among students for cases of Salmonella typhi infection. Collect samples from students in the Department of Biology at Zakho University about 125 cases. First, the maximum percentage among age groups is typhoid cases (21-20 years), which is smaller cases in students, about 6 (4.8%), especially in male cases, 3 (2.4%) female cases, Furthermore, typhi cases more than paratyphi A cases by (7.2,5.6%) respectively so that the total number of infected cases already increases by 18 cases infected with typhi and 11 cases infected with paratyphi because of this the total number of infected cases already increases by 18 cases infected with typhi and 11 cases infected with paratyphi .Based on the emergence of a 599 bp package, a base pair of Nasted PCR was found to be 360bp base pair in gel A substantial difference (P>0.01). There is a growing incidence of Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella typhi, might attributed to variety of factors. Serological methods have been shown to be less effective in laboratory diagnosis to diagnose typhoid fever. The culturing method, biochemical tests and molecular diagnosis of PCR can be relied upon as a more accurate diagnosis of typhoid fever infection than the bacterial isolates that own a Flic gene