The main objective of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics and histological changes in the amniotic membrane (AM) of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and non-diabetic women. A total of thirty AM samples (n = 10 for each group) were obtained from full-term pregnant women without any complications. These samples were processed for paraffin blocks, sectioned, and stained with H&E. The results of demographic characteristics showed the mean maternal age of the PGDM and GDM groups was significantly higher compared with the control. Neonatal weight decreased significantly in the PGDM group, but both diabetic groups showed no significant differences between them in terms of maternal age and neonatal weight. A random blood sugar (RBS) test and WBC count showed a highly significant increase in GDM and a significant increase in PGDM. The highest significant value of RBC was recorded for PGDM. The thickness of the epithelial layer plus the basement membrane (BM) was significantly increased due to the PGDM. while the compact layer plus the fibroblast layer and the total thickness of AM showed a significant increase in GDM. The nucleus diameter of AM epithelial cells was significantly decreased in diabetic groups. The histological examination revealed that both diabetic groups caused several changes and damage in AM, including: hypertrophy and hyperplasia in epithelial cells associated with the formation of the vacuole between them; degeneration of some of these cells that pinched off from the lining epithelium; breakdown of the compact and fibroblast layers and caused damage to the stromal collagen fibril; epithelial cells and their nuclei became elongated and resembled columnar epithelium; and the basement membrane appeared thicker in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, GDM and PGDM induced various alterations and damage to the AM, which in turn delayed embryonic development and the delivery

This study was aimed at comparing the morphometric and histological features of the placenta in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and non-diabetic normal pregnant women. Twenty-four placentas were obtained from non-diabetic pregnant women (control group), ten from women with GDM, and ten from PGDM women. Segments from the central part of the placenta were taken and processed for paraffin blocks, sectioned, and stained with H&E, Masson trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff. The results of morphometric measurement revealed that the mean weight and diameter of GDM and PGDM placentae were significantly higher than in the control; placental thickness was a significant increase in PGDM; the number of cotyledons and fetal weights showed no significant difference in all these groups; the fetoplacental ratio was significantly higher in the PGDM; discoidal placenta shape, followed by irregular, oval, and kidney as the most common shapes recorded in these groups; the central umbilical cord insertion was most common in all three groups; followed by noncentral (eccentric) and marginal insertions. Diabetes caused several histopathological changes in the placenta, including an increase in the number of different sizes of villi with a decrease in the intervillous spaces, an increase in the: number of big syncytial knots, and fibrinoid necrosis; chronogenesis in the intervillous spaces and villous capillary congestion. Diabetic groups showed the presence of dense collagen fibers within the villous stroma (villous stromal fibrosis) and around fetal blood capillaries. GDM showed a mild thickening of the basement membrane (BM) of chorionic villi and a mild increase in the collagen in the villous stroma. While PGDM showed a moderate increase in the BM of syncytiotrophoblast and villous stroma and mild thickening of the BM of capillary blood vessels. In conclusion, both GDM and PGDM caused adverse effects on the histological and morphometrical features of the placenta.

THE purpose of the current study was to investigate the possibility of vitamin (Vit.) C and E in protecting rat epididymis from MSG-induced histological changes. Twenty-five adult male albino rats divided into five groups (n=5): control, MSG; MSG+Vit.C.; MSG+Vit.E. and MSG +Vit. C+Vit. E. This treatment lasted for forty days. The histological examinations include use of H&E stain and Masson trichrome and histochemical (Periodic Acid Schiff reaction (PAS)). The present results showed that, all groups’ B.W. after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment. However, after treatment, MSG, and MSG+Vit. E caused a high significant decrease in B.W., respectively. There were no appreciable variations in the epididymis weight between the groups MSG+Vit. E and MSG+Vit. C+Vit. E. Histological investigations, indicated none of the treated groups significantly altered the bulk of the epididymis tissues, except for some histological alteration; however, the MSG+Vit.C+Vit.E group showed few effects. These alterations include blood vessel congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, giant cell formation, expansion of interstitial spaces, hyperplasia and vacuolation of epithelial tubule lining, and hydropic degeneration. MSG show marked deposition of collagen fibers in the capsule, epididymal tubules, interstitial space and basal lamina. While remaining groups indicated the presence of the moderate amount of collagen fibers. Basal lamina and interstitial cells in groups of the MSG; MSG+Vit.C. and MSG+Vit.E. ; exhibited a strong PAS response. Whereas, the MSG+ Vit.C+ Vit.E group had moderate PAS reaction. In conclusion, combining Vit. C and Vit. E with MSG may lessen its toxicity. It is imperative to reevaluate the use of MSG as a flavor enhancer

THIS research was aimed to determining the influence of oak acorn flour on the body, liver and kidney weight, and some (hematological and biochemical) parameters of quail. One hundred quail birds (7 days old) were divided into five groups (n = 20 for each group). Group 1: Control group received a normal protein diet (NPD) containing no oak flour (0%). Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 (experimental groups) received 5, 10, 15, and 20% oak flour in NPD, respectively. The results showed no significant differences in mean body and organ weight between treated and control groups, but except for the concentration of 5% showed significant increase in body weight over six weeks when compared with control. No significant differences were also recorded in the hemoglobin and packed cell volume in both treated and control groups. When compared to the control group, group 5 (20%) had a significant increase in the number of heterophils cells and a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes. While other types of leucocytes showed no significant changes in their numbers in all groups. Treatment with oak acorn flour showed no significant effects on levels of all biochemical parameters enrolled in this study in all groups. In conclusion: Quail feeds could contain 20% oak acorn flour seemed to be save and without adverse effects on the body and organ weight, and all blood parameters. Oak acorns could be employed as a source of energy in a quail diet, and their nutritional value is equivalent to that of cereal grains