2025-06

جامعة االنبار للعلوم القانونية والسياسية (Issue : 1) (Volume : 15)

bstract: The requirement to exhaust local remedies is one of the conditions recognized under the rules of international law before submitting a complaint to a human rights body, whether international or regional, that has the jurisdiction to receive complaints in which a state party to the relevant human rights convention allegedly violates one of the rights stipulated in that convention. Although a number of human rights instruments explicitly recognize cases in which the complainant is exempted from exhausting local remedies when such remedies are not available, effective or unduly prolonged, these instruments have not addressed cases in which the application of the requirement to exhaust local remedies is excluded. However, the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies has settled on the existence of a number of such cases in which the complainant is not required to even attempt to exhaust the remedies. These cases are: the existence of legislative measures or administrative practices that are inconsistent with the convention in question, the continuation of the situation to which the complainant is subjected, and the defendant state’s waiver of the requirement to exhaust local remedies, whether the waiver is explicit or implicit. Some add to these cases the case in which the defendant state commits human rights violations outside its national territory. This study examines these cases in the light of the jurisprudence of the international and regional human rights bodies and concludes that cases of non-application of the requirement of exhaustion of local remedies are distinct from exceptions to this requirement.

2023-08

Academic Journal of Nawroz University (Issue : 1) (Volume : 1)

Despite the considerable literature on the topic, the scope of the application of the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies in the context of the diplomatic protection in general and in the context of international protection of human rights in particular, remains an ambiguous topic and needs further clarification. The expanded and flexible application of this rule under international human rights law raises the question of whether the rule which continues to perform its original function within the framework of the diplomatic protection, has undergone a fundamental transformation that makes it, within the framework of international human rights law, a distinguished rule with different objectives and functions, or is it just an extension of a rule from one area to another. What can be noted is that the rule is interpreted, in the context of human rights protection, in a more flexible manner that takes into account the interests of the victims of human rights violations. This broad and flexible approach to the rule's application is consistent with the need to take into account the general framework of the protection of individuals established by the international human rights conventions. The study of the practice of international human rights bodies shows that such bodies tend to prefer an expanded interpretation of the rule over a restrictive interpretation that continues to be applied in ethe field of diplomatic protection, as the rule is not applied by such bodies as a strict requirement for the consideration of individual communications and complaints but rather as a rule that must be applied flexibly. This has been asserted by the European Court of Human Rights and the of Human Rights Council and the human rights treaty bodies. What can be concluded from the practices of these bodies is that the rule requires the exhaustion of available, effective and adequate remedies. On the other hand, these bodies have subjected the rule to a number of exceptions, particularly with regard to the nature and conditions of the remedies to be exhausted, and these exceptions can be considered necessary to conceptual the rationale for the rule when it is applied in the field of human rights protection, or as limitations to the rule more than just exceptions. These exceptions include lack of local remedies, ineffective or adequate remedies, denial of justice or delay, and disciplinary and administrative procedures.

2023-08

Academic Journal of Nawroz University (Issue : 2023) (Volume : 2023)

على الرغم من الدراسات الكثيرة التي تناولت الموضوع، لا يزال موضوع نطاق تطبيق قاعدة استنفاد سبل الانتصاف المحلية في سياق ممارسة الحماية الدبلوماسية بصورة عامة وفي سياق الحماية الدولية لحقوق الإنسان بصورة خاصة، غامضا وبحاجة إلى مزيد من التوضيح. إن التطبيق الموسع والمرن لهذه القاعدة في إطار القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان يثير التساؤل عما إذا كانت القاعدة، التي لا تزال تقوم بوظيفتها الأصلية في إطار الحماية الدبلوماسية، قد خضعت في إطار القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان لتحول جوهري يجعل منها قاعدة قائمة بذاتها لها أهداف ووظائف مختلفة، أم ان الأمر يقتصر على مجرد انتقال أو امتداد للقاعدة من مجال إلى أخر. ما يمكن ملاحظته ان القاعدة، في مجال حماية حقوق الإنسان، يتم تفسيرها بطريقة تنطوي على مرونة أكثر مراعاة لمصالح ضحايا انتهاك حقوق الإنسان. وهذا الاتجاه الموسع والمرن في تطبيق القاعدة يتوافق مع الحاجة إلى مراعاة الإطار العام لحماية الأفراد الذي أنشأته الاتفاقيات الدولية لحقوق الإنسان. إن دراسة ممارسات الهيئات الدولية لحقوق الإنسان تُظهر أن هذه الهيئات تميل إلى تفضيل التفسير الموسع للقاعدة على التفسير التقييدي الذي لا يزال متبعا في إطار الحماية الدبلوماسية، حيث لا تطبق القاعدة من قبل هذه الهيئات بوصفها شرطا صارما للنظر في البلاغات والشكاوى الفردية إنما بوصفها قاعدة يجب تطبيقها بمرونة. وقد تم تأكيد ذلك من قبل المحكمة الأوروبية ومجلس حقوق وهيئات معاهدات حقوق الإنسان. وما يمكن استنتاجه من ممارسات هذه الهيئات هو أن القاعدة تتطلب استنفاد سبل الانتصاف المتاحة والفعالة والكافية. وبالمقابل، أخضعت هذه الهيئات القاعدة لعدد من الاستثناءات، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بطبيعة وشروط سبل الانتصاف التي يتعين استنفادها، وهذه الاستثناءات يمكن اعتبارها ضرورية لبلورة الأساس المنطقي للقاعدة عند تطبيقها في مجال حماية حقوق الإنسان، أو بوصفها قيودا على القاعدة أكثر من مجرد استثناءات. ومن هذه الاستثناءات عدم توفر سبل الانتصاف المحلية، عدم فعالية أو كفاية السبل، الحرمان من العدالة أو التأخير، والإجراءات التأديبية والإدارية. تبحث هذه الدراسة في نطاق تطبيق قاعدة استنفاد سبل الانتصاف المحلية من قبل الهيئات الدولية لحقوق الإنسان، وتسلط الضوء على خصائص سبل الانتصاف المحلية، كما طورت من قبل هذه الهيئات، والاستثناءات التي ترد على تطبيق القاعدة

2018-07

مجلة رسالة الحقوق- Risalat al-huquq Journal (Issue : 10) (Volume : 2)

environmental impacts of the biggest problems facing the international community as the increasing number of the world's population and concentration in a specific area, and the progress of scientific and technological, and the wide range of urban, industrial and agricultural activity, and tampering with the use of natural resources without taking the surrounding environmental considerations led to the emergence of a number of problems environmental, including air pollution, soil and water, and the decline of vegetation, and a decrease of other natural resources, and military operations deployed in most countries of the world, the sharp change in the global climate, Become components and resources and environmental living and non-living suffer from the serious effects due to these factors. In this context comes the legal rules to address this threat developed through the Environmental Law (Environmental Law) of this section of the Law on Environment and Human natural surrounding water, air and living organisms and Freezers this as well as emerging human interaction with these factors and associated conditions and factors include so economic factors, cultural, social.

2018-03

گۆڤاری توێژەر (Issue : 1) (Volume : 1)

The aim of study is to testify the statistical hypotheses concerning the significant differences between attitudes of students of Zakho University toward genocide according to the variables of the study in the academic year (2016/2017). The population and the sample of the research consists of (385) students of Zakho University, which have been selected randomly. The researchers used a questionnaire include of (14) items. The results of the research showed that members of research's sample haven't a negative attitudes toward genocide, which means they hereafter no fear from it, also there is statistical significant differences among them according to the variables of class, and specialization, and no statistical significant differences among them according to the variable of gender, level of families economic and cultural situation, religion and their fathers task. Keywords: Measurement, attitude, University students, genocide.

2018-01

Risalat al-huquq Journal-مجلة رسالة الحقوق (Issue : 10) (Volume : 1)

US forces invaded Iraq illegally with the declared aim of dismantling the Iraqi state in the first work after the Second World War and the emergence of the United Nations, whose charter prohibits the use of force in the resolution of disputes between states. After the occupation, social science focused on the question of state building and development models. There are few books about the destruction of countries and the destruction of development, but today, thirteen years after the war and the occupation, we can firmly assert that the elimination of the country was a political and deliberate goal. More than 2 million civilians have been displaced, more than 2 million Iraqis have been displaced from their areas of residence, and social infrastructure, including electricity, drinking water and sanitation systems, has deteriorated and more than 8 million Iraqis need humanitarian assistance. The UNESCO report entitled" Education in Iraq under attack distributed on 10 February 2010 concludes that despite the overall improvement in security in Iraq, the situation faced by schools, students, teachers and academics is at risk.