2024-01

Genetic Diversity of Olive Varieties in Northern Iraq Using Microsatellite Markers (Issue : 1) (Volume : 24)

THE OLIVE (Olea europaea L.) is a member of the Oleaceae family, which includes approximately 30 genera and 600 species. In this study collected 88 leaf samples from 17 olive varieties from five geographical regions in Iraq. The Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 17 varieties. The DNA samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 9 microsatellite (SSR) primers (DCA7, DCA9, DCA11, DCA16, DCA18, EMO90, GAPU71A, GAPU71B, and GAPU103). For statistical analysis, Power Marker v.3.25 was used to assess different molecular genetics parameters. Mega software was used to generate a phylogenetic tree. The size of the alleles ranged from 91 bp in DAC11 to 245/270 bp in DAC9. The computed mean number of allele was 44.33, and the allele frequency was 0.0892. The observed heterozygosity was 0.2577, with heterozygosity 0.258. Cluster analysis of the total 9 microsatellite markers was used to study the genetic relationships among the 88 different olive genotypes, and they were divided into two main clusters and five sub-clusters. The local cultivars and the foreign cultivar shared the same SSR alleles and they were genetically similar. There were small molecular variations (1%) among the studied geographical regions. The study aimed to investigate the genetic connections among these cultivars and offer valuable insights that can guide forthcoming efforts in cultivation expansion and breeding initiatives. Keywords: Genetic diversity, Olea europaea, Phylogenetic analysis, Population structure

2021-02

Technium BioChemMed (Issue : 1) (Volume : 2)

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used mostly in crops. This study looked at the genotoxic and Glyphosate has a cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa. As toxicity markers, the Mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, formations of Micronucleus, germination percentage, root duration, and seed weight were used. Allium cepa seeds were afflicted with distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml/l) of Glyphosate for 24 h treatment periods. The results reveal that pesticide Glyphosate is capable to reduce root growth and causes chromosomal aberrations; consisting of an anaphase bridge, ring chromosome, binucleated cells, multipolarity, Fragment chromosome, vagrant chromosome, chromatid gaps, star anaphase. With increasing Glyphosate concentration, the mitotic index decreased rapidly. In conclusion, our findings indicate that used pesticide may be toxic to living organism.

2021-02

Technium BioChemMed (Issue : 1) (Volume : 2)

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used mostly in crops. This study looked at the genotoxic and Glyphosate has a cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa. As toxicity markers, the Mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, formations of Micronucleus, germination percentage, root duration, and seed weight were used. Allium cepa seeds were afflicted with distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml/l) of Glyphosate for 24 h treatment periods. The results reveal that pesticide Glyphosate is capable to reduce root growth and causes chromosomal aberrations; consisting of an anaphase bridge, ring chromosome, binucleated cells, multipolarity, Fragment chromosome, vagrant chromosome, chromatid gaps, star anaphase. With increasing Glyphosate concentration, the mitotic index decreased rapidly. In conclusion, our findings indicate that used pesticide may be toxic to living organism.

2020-09

Science Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 3) (Volume : 8)

Cyren (Chlorpyrifos 500 g +Cypermethrin50g/Liter) is one of the widely used organophosphate insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of this insecticide in males of Swiss albino mice Mus musculus BALB/c strain. The tested parameters were chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sperm abnormalities to evaluate possible damage effects on genetic material and sperms. The pesticide was administered orally to male mice in four different doses (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg of body weight). The mice were killed after three or six weeks of treatment. The results of chromosome aberration assay revealed that all the tested doses and periods induced chromosomal aberrations (CA) such as centromeric gaps, chromatid gaps, chromatid deletion, dicentric chromosome, and ring chromosome. The results of sperm abnormality assay revealed that Cyren has the ability to induce sperm abnormalities in all doses used compared to untreated mice, which represented by hookless sperm, swollen head sperm, amorphous head sperm, defective hook sperm, banana head sperm, double head sperm, double tail sperm, bent midpiece defect and coiled tail.

2020-09

Science Journal of University of Zakho 8(3), 80-87, September-2020 (Issue : 3) (Volume : 8)

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Iraq and the world. It includes many species and varieties. The two major cultivated species of wheat are, durum wheat (Tritium durum Desf.) which is tetraploid (2n= 28) and the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is hexaploid (2n = 42). Ten wheat varieties from both species were examined using ten Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (WMC17, WMC20, WMC21, WMC24, WMC25, WMC48, WMC50, WMC283, Xgwm11 and Xgwm626). Various genetic parameters were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. A total of 156 alleles were detected in both species. The gene diversity in wheat varieties from both species collectively varied from 0.85 to 1.00, which indicates considerable genetic diversity in the examined varieties. All markers used in this study were highly informative and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values were higher than 0.50 in all loci. Hence all markers are considered useful for genetic diversity studies in wheat’s populations. The dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades and many subgroups. Azadi variety was simplicifolious. This study confirms the discriminating power of SSR typing and its usefulness for comparison within hard and soft wheat populations.

2008-01

J. Dohuk University (Issue : 2) (Volume : 11)

Many studies had confirmed existence of relationship between food flavorants and occurring of many types of cancer such as stomach, liver and kidney carcinomas. In this study we found that synthetic Vanilla (vanillin) which is a food flavorant widely used in food industry and homemade pastry causes many types of chromosomal disorder in Vicia faba root tips cells such as gaps ,breakage, stickiness, translocation and braiding of sister chromatids .There was a progressive reduction in plant height, primary and secondary root length when plants treated with 0.2% , 0.5% ,1% , 3% , 5% concentrations of synthetic vanilla as a result of mitotic index reduction.In contrast to these results , the low concentration of 0.2%vanillin increased plant height and mitotic index .