This research studies the purification of montmorillonite from natural Iraqi bentonite clay (NIBC). Montmorillonite was characterised using XRD, SEM‐EDX, TEM, FTIR, DRS, and UV‐vis spectrophotometry. The purified montmorillonite is then employed as an adsorbent in the catalytic degradation of organic aqueous pollutants, specifically Methylene Blue (MB). The results show that the selected organic pollutant MB was removed using both adsorption and catalytic degradation. Different isotherms were applied, including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. Kinetics and thermodynamics were also studied; MB adsorption followed the pseudo‐second‐order model, and the heat of adsorption for MB was (ΔH° = −19.1 kJ/mol), indicating a physical process. The catalytic degradation was examined utilising different redox agents, including H₂O₂, NaBH₄, and KBrO₃.. Box‐Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to study the …

The continuous discharge of hazardous synthetic dyes into aquatic environments as a result of rapid industrialization poses a serious threat to both environmental and human health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up to date evaluation of adsorption techniques for dye removal from wastewater, with a focus on both conventional and emerging adsorbent materials. The review examines and compares natural materials, such as clays, zeolites, charcoal, and agricultural wastes, as well as engineered and nano scale materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal organic frameworks, and nanocomposites, for wastewater decolorization. This study presents a critical analysis of published studies from 2018 to 2025, focusing on the performance of various adsorbents under key operational parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The dominant adsorption mechanisms, including electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and surface complexation, are systematically discussed. Special attention is given to the role of nanotechnology and green synthesis strategies in improving adsorption efficiency and material reusability. The review indicates that nano engineered and hybrid adsorbents generally exhibit superior adsorption performance and represent promising candidates for scalable and environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment applications. Future research should prioritize the development of cost-effective regeneration methods, evaluation using real industrial effluents, and pilot scale studies to facilitate the transition from laboratory research to industrial implementation.

In this study, a novel photocatalyst, Cu&Ni@FAU Faujasite type zeolite, was successfully prepared and characterised using various techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Cu&Ni@FAU enhances the photocatalytic efficiency through several mechanisms, including the photo-Fenton-like process of H2O2, the electronic capture of KBrO3, and the reducing effect of NaBH4. Response surface methodology has been applied to study the impact of H2O2, KBrO3, and NaBH4 and their interactions on the photocatalysis of tetracycline. Furthermore, the efficiency of the photocatalysts and their kinetics were assessed for four different organic molecules, and it was found that the rate constant of tetracycline degradation was 0.054 M−1min−1. It is worth mentioning, Cu&Ni@FAU is temperature stable and shows maximum degradation at 70°C. Radical …

he growing amount of synthetic dyes, like Congo red (CR), being released into water systems poses a serious risk to the environment and public health because they are toxic, long-lasting, and hard to treat. These colors may obstruct aquatic photosynthesis, disturb biological life cycles, and provide carcinogenic dangers to humans. This research examines the catalytic degradation of CR dye with nanostructured Iraqi bentonite clay (NIBC) as an economical and sustainable catalyst. NIBC underwent purification with glacial acetic acid to enhance its surface activity and catalytic efficacy. The experimental design employed a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to statistically assess and optimize the individual and interactive effects of three chemical agents-hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and potassium bromate (KBrO3)-on degradation …

This study assesses the feasibility of using high-sulfur residuals from Tawke and Shikhan crude oils as a fuel source for heavy industries. The primary aim was to evaluate its industrial applicability and environmental implications. Petroleum coke, a byproduct obtained via atmospheric and vacuum distillation, was characterized by its high sulfur content, with values ranging from 3.4% for Tawke to 12.5% for Shikhan. Quantitative results from fractional distillation revealed a higher cumulative distillate percentage for Shikhan crude compared to Tawke, with sulfur mass fractions reaching up to 1.1% for the 290°C distillate fraction in Shikhan oil. Despite its potential as a cost-efficient fuel, high-sulfur petroleum coke presents environmental challenges, particularly due to sulfur dioxide emissions, which could lead to air pollution and acid rain. The findings emphasize that proper emission control technologies and stringent regulatory standards are necessary to mitigate these risks. The study further highlights that the high carbon content and calorific value of this coke make it a viable energy source, but environmental trade-offs must be considered. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed analysis of high-sulfur petroleum coke derived from specific Iraqi crude oils, providing valuable insights for industrial applications in sulfur-rich crude-producing regions. The study contributes to the ongoing discussion about alternative fuels in heavy industries, especially in regions reliant on high-sulfur crude oil reserves.

Shortcomings in the chemical safety and security curriculum in Kurdistan universities and a lack of awareness have led to undesired incidents. Unassessed chemical risks in academic centers challenge compliance with health, safety, and environmental policies. To address this, a pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of a new chemical risk management curriculum. Results showed a 57.4 % increase in participants’ knowledge of chemical safety and security principles. Awareness of the distinction between safety and security improved significantly, from 18.8 % to 42.6 %. Interest in learning more about chemical safety rose from 35 % to 50 %. Statistical analysis summarized the findings, including weighted mean, ranked mean, grouped standard deviation, count, and percentages. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test assessed differences between pre- and post-surveys, with a p-value of 0.05 or less confirming statistical significance. This pilot study demonstrates the curriculum’s potential to enhance chemical safety and security knowledge, offering a model for other universities to reduce incidents and improve compliance with safety protocols.

In this work, one of the most important types of zeolite in the petroleum refinery industry faujasite like zeolite was used as a raw material. The magnetic measurements of this sort of zeolites were studied once without the ion exchange process and another by ion exchange and loading metal such as copper, iron, and nickel using the ion exchange process and impregnation from the solution. The remarkable thing in this work is that the faujasite-like zeolite with nickel-metal ion after ion exchange showed unexpected results since a very high magnetic moment value μeff B.M. equal to 5.71966 B.M was obtained. Depending on the data obtained from this work and from the magnetism data, and since the expected shapes of nickel complexes are NiL5 (Square pyramidal) and NiL5 (trigonal bipyramidal) it is expected that there is a mixture of Square pyramidal (μeff=2.87) and trigonal bipyramidal (μeff=2.87) Nickel II complexes. The sum of the magnetic moment of the mixed complexes is μeff= 5.74 B.M. All faujasite Y zeolitic samples and catalysts were characterized using Magnetic Susceptibility Balance (M.S.B), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques, adsorption efficiencies, and elemental analysis.

Using the methods of XRF, XRD, and low-temperature adsorption-desorption of nitrogen, the physicochemical characteristics of granular LSX zeolites like in many cation-exchange forms were studied. A comparative analysis of their adsorption properties in static and dynamic modes with an industrial imported analogue was carried out. It is shown that the adsorption characteristics for nitrogen, CO2, water vapor and benzene of the synthesized granular LSX zeolite in the Li-form and the imported analogue are close. In this work proposed a method for synthesis of granular zeolite LSX in lithium form, involving synthesis of highly dispersed zeolite NaK-LSX; its blending and granulation with clay mineral from Troshkovsky region; drying in air atmosphere at T= 120-140 °C for 4-6 hours and calcining at 600-650 °C for 4-6 hours; treatment in a sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of C(NaOH) = 70 g/l at 70 °C for 3 hours, followed by a three-fold ion exchange in a Lithium chloride solution.

In this study, a novel photocatalyst, Cu&Ni@FAU Faujasite type zeolite, was successfully prepared and characterised using various techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Cu&Ni@FAU enhances the photocatalytic efficiency through several mechanisms, including the photo-Fenton-like process of H2O2, the electronic capture of KBrO3, and the reducing effect of NaBH4. Response surface methodology has been applied to study the impact of H2O2, KBrO3, and NaBH4 and their interactions on the photocatalysis of tetracycline. Furthermore, the efficiency of the photocatalysts and their kinetics were assessed for four different organic molecules, and it was found that the rate constant of tetracycline degradation was 0.054 M−1min−1. It is worth mentioning, Cu&Ni@FAU is temperature stable and shows maximum degradation at 70°C. Radical trapping experiments revealed that various reactive species played a role in the photodegradation process. The results show that hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and superoxide radicals (O2-•) are the dominant species in the photocatalysis mechanism. Additionally, electrons (e-) and holes (h+) had a moderate impact as active species, since the band edges of Cu&Ni@FAU is located between 2.86 eV at valance band (VB) and −0.38 eV at conduction band (CB).. To gain deeper insights into these processes, the study used density functional theory (DFT) simulation, which allowed for the calculation of electronic and vacuum band edges. This computational approach likely provided valuable information about the fundamental processes occurring during the photocatalysis process.

This study investigates, for the first time, the effects of dealumination of binder-free NaY type zeolite on the adsorption properties and porous structure characteristics. In this study, BF-Y zeolite was hydrothermally synthesized from kaolin and powder NaY. BF-Y was then treated with acid to increase Si/Al ratio. X-ray Diffraction (XRED), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) have been performed for the characterization. The modified zeolite granules MBF-Y were used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue MB dye from water. The influence of initial MB concentration, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dosage on adsorption capacity and dye removal percentage on MBF-Y was investigated. The maximum dye removal was attained at a concentration of (8 * 10-6 M) which was more than 93%, and an equilibrium contact time of 60 minutes. Well-known adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Fruendlich, and Tempkin) were used to study the adsorption mechanism of MB onto MBF-Y.

Four types of Kurdistan crude oils have been studied to determine the heavy and trace metals. The significance of determining trace elements that exist in crude oils is helpful for further information about exploration, production and the refining process. In this work crude oil can be separated into products such as (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and atmospheric distillation residue +350°C) by using atmospheric distillation unit and vacuum distillation unit. The trace metals can be determined with acceptable accuracy and precision by spectroscan MAX-G. However, the values of Ni concentration were the best in accuracy among the group of metals of interest. The average values of the results will be employed as reference values of the trace metal content in the coming discussion and using Ni and V as test elements. The crude oil samples are characterized by with a dominance of V over Ni with a V/Ni ratio of 3.7 to 2.5. Trace element analysis of the five metals in crude oils and atmospheric distillation residues +350°C, for each crude oils and atmospheric distillation residues +350°C is investigated, samples of these areas has not been previously examined for trace element contents. In this study to find the relation between metals in crude oils and atmospheric distillation residue of samples. To detect the concentration of trace elements by using this instrument.

The feasibility of utilizing petroleum coke as an alternative fuel for cement kilns and other industries was suggesting. The feedstock using in this study are mixture (T-21A+T-5) Tawke and Shekhan PF2 AT residues were obtained from two Iraqi-Kurdistan crude oils by removing distillates boiling point up to 350°C using the atmospheric distillation unit. The coking processing of AT residues at high temperatures to produce gas, coking distillates and petroleum coke. Coking of AT residues were carried out at temperature 450-460°C and atmospheric pressure, at this temperature, the duration of heat treatment of the feed was 2h. 45 min for Tawke and 2h. 15 min for Shekhan. The choice of temperature and time of the experiments was made on the basis that a lower temperature increases the duration of the process, and at a higher temperature a significant reduction in the duration of the process according to GOST methods, it becomes difficult to obtain the target product with the required content of volatile substances. An increase in the duration of the coking process about 3 hours and more in all cases leads to a decrease in the content of volatile substances. The study was suggested petroleum coke can be using instead of fuel oil on industry effectiveness in cost reduction when switched over from fuel oil to petroleum coke. in the last of this work, after all the measurements and characteristic obtained, two types of treatment scheme were proposed for how to refine these types of crude oils, which give petroleum products with a high sulfur content. The research proposed the technological, ecological and economic aspects of petroleum coke as fuel …

The authors have proposed a method for the selective crystallization of a SAPO-11 silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve with a micro-mesoporous structure. It has been shown that crystallization of a silicoaluminophosphate gel, in the preparation of which its isopropoxide is used as a source of aluminum, makes it possible to obtain a SAPO-11 molecular sieve with a specific surface area of ​​~ 207 m2 / g, a volume of micro- and mesopores of ~ 0.08 and 0.09 cm3 / g. , respectively. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that the crystals of the material are pseudospherical particles ~ 8-10 microns in size, consisting of aggregates of nanocrystals ~ 100-200 nm in size.

Most of the methods described in the literature for the preparation of pentasil-containing catalysts involves the synthesis of highly dispersed zeolite ZSM-5 in the required cation-decationized forms and subsequent molding in a mixture with a binder material into granules. Information on available and promising for industrial implementation methods for the synthesis of granular materials based on high crystallinity ZSM-5 zeolite with a hierarchical porous structure is absent in the literature. As a result of the studies, a method for the synthesis of granular zeolite ZSM-5 of high phase purity and degree of crystallinity of −100% using tetrabutylammonium bromide as a template was proposed. The method includes the stages of mixing powdered zeolite ZSM-s5 and amorphous alumino silicate, moistening the mixture with water and mechanical granulation, drying and crystallizing the resulting granules. Chemical and X-ray …

Evaluation of crude oil and its residue using derivatography, is one of the most common physical and chemical methods analytical research. Crude oil residues 350+ obtain from two Iraq-Kurdistan crudes (Tawke T-21A well and Shekhan PF2 well) by using atmospheric distillation after removing all volatile fractions. The sample characterized by direvatographic method. The thermo analysis, reactions were carried out at temperature range 20- 700℃ for reaction time 68 min. These derivatograph curves show the weight change and heat energy (Enthalpy) change as the function of time and temperature. It shows that the crude oil residues have different composition. The curve which marks the weight changes of the sample heated is the thermogravimetric curve, TGA. Whereas the curve, which records heat energy or enthalpy changes during thermal decomposition is the DTA or differential thermoanalytic. By means of the derivatograph, it is possible to record simultaneously curve of weight change (TG), and enthalpy change (DTA) as a function of temperature. This method analysis shows good evaluation of these two crude oil well.

In this work, it is shown that based on powder zeolite type Y, mono metallic and bimetallic catalysts have been developed that are promising for petroleum chemistry processes. The method is based on the preparing hydrogen form of Y zeolite by ion exchange with a solution of ammonium nitrate at a starting concentration of 70 g.l-1 and nickel nitrate solution which provides Ni cations. Then after preparation of bimetallic catalysts by impregnating second metal by incipient wetness. All samples and catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques, adsorption methods, and elemental analysis. The research results showed that in order to reach the degree of exchange of Na+ for H+ cations no less than 0.73, it is necessary to carry out four exchanges of Na+ by NH4+ and three intermediate thermal treatments at 540 °C for 3 to 4 hours in air atmosphere.

A catalyst has been prepared as binder-free shaped MOR-type zeolite in the H form promoted with 0.5 wt % platinum, and n-hexane conversion over this catalyst has been studied. It has been found that the selectivity for C4–C6 isoparaffins on the new catalyst is about 90% at 300°C, a feed space velocity of 1.5 h–1, and a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa, with the hexane conversion being 80.0–83.0 wt % and the selectivity for isohexane making 83.0–86.0%. It has been shown that the new catalyst is stable for 50 h on-stream under these conditions.

The effect of the preliminary holding of the BS-100 “white soot” at 150–155°C for 6 to 7 h and the crystallization conditions on both the characteristics of powdered MOR zeolite samples (degree of crystallinity, composition, particle size composition, and adsorption of C6H6 molecules) and their catalytic properties in the α-methylstyrene dimerization reaction has been studied.

For the first time the synthesis method of powdery mordenite type zeolite based on crystallization of metakaolin in sodium silicate solution at temperature 150 °C for 14 hours is developed. The zeolite having 100 % crystallinity degree crystallized from the reaction mixture (RM) with the composition 2,9Na2О ∙ Аl2О3 ∙ 12SiО2 ∙ 300H2O. Previously 10 wt. % crystal seed was introduced in RM, crystallization was carried out under continuous stirring. Implementation of the developed method allows to extend the raw materials base, simplify the synthesis and reduce the cost of powdery mordenite type zeolite.

Samples of crystalline aluminosilicate, the granules of which are crystalline aggregates of zeolite X with different degrees of exchange of cations Na+ for cations Ca2+, Mg2+, К+ or Н+ were synthesized. Based on obtained samples, the adsorption of Н2О, СО2, С6Н6 and n-С7Н16 in static and dynamic modes is studied. The dependencies of the amount of adsorbed substance on the type and content of exchangeable cations in zeolite X were found.

In this research work we aimed to graft lignin which a naturally oxygenated compound with different ratio of oxidized asphalt (contains synthetic oxygenated groups). Grafting aimed to allow the two type of the functional groups to react in the presence of small amount of base. The process conducted at 300 oC in the absence of air. Carbonization of the mixture was carried out in the presence of twice the amount of sodium hydroxide and at a temperature of 450-500 oC till no more gases evolved. The product carbon was activated by refluxing with 30% HCl. Evaluation of the activated carbon was conducted by adsorption of iodine and methylene blue. Other variables such as density, humidity, ash and surface area were also determined.