A novel, easy, quick and precise spectrophotometric technique has been established for the evaluation of catecholamines (methyldopa, levodopa, dopamine and carbidopa) in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical preparations, this technique is focused on the reaction of these catecholamines as n donor with pyromellitic dianhydride as π acceptor in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The maximum absorptions at 300, 302, 301, and 298 nm for methyldopa, levodopa, dopamine and carbidopa respectively. In a concentration range of Beer's law was obeyed 0.2-40, 0.2-40, 0.2-50 and 0.2-100 µg.mL-1 with molar absorptivities 9921.2975, 8982.8334, 6430.8797 and 5022.7469 L/mol.cm for the catecholamines in turn. The accuracy range between 98.843% and 100.891% and RSD% is less than 2% for the above catecholamines respectively. The detection limit (LOD) was 0.0518, 0.0581, 0.0638 and 0.0579 µg.mL-1

This research aims to examine heavy metals contents and environmental risk in the Khabur river water in Zakho-Iraq. Ten different locations were selected on the Khabur River from the beginning of its entrance into the Kurdistan region until it overlapped with the Tigris River at the triple border point (Iraq, Surya, and Turkey). Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved salts, and turbidity were tested locally in the field. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), flame photometer, and titration methods were used to analyses twenty-five metals in water samples. It was found that some heavy metals are undetectable such as Boron, Cadmium, Beryllium, Nickel, antimony, and selenium. Chromium was found in only one location with a concentration of 0.002 mg/L. Aluminum was found at higher than the acceptable levels in two areas with concentrations (0.215 and 0.1893 mg/L). Also, in two other points, Iron was found to be higher than the permissible level (0.397 and 0.311 mg/L). According to Iraqi and World Health Organization standards, other heavy metals were less than the affected value. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated to evaluate water quality; the results shown water in one of the locations of the Khabur river was poor in quality, yet in other locations, it was good.

Abstract A sensitive, rapid and economical spectrophotometric method based on their interaction with NQS reagent in basic medium, which produces orange-colored complexes, has been devised to identify many drugs with amino groups (clotrimazole and phenylephrine-HCl). The maximum absorption for the complexes of clotrimazole and phenylephrine-HCl is 455 and 484 nm, respectively. Beer's law is applicable in the concentration ranges of (2–40) μg/ml for clotrimazole and (0–20) μg/ml for phenylephrine-HCl. The molar absorptivity values are 3931.1760 L/mol.cm and 4521.4074 L/mol.cm of clotrimazole and phenylephrine-HCl respectively with accuracy of 100.0285%–103.1456% and RSD better than 3.3211%. The method has been successfully used to determine these medications in pharmaceutical formulations, and it has been found to be superior to British Pharmacopeia standard procedures. At a 95% confidence level, F and t-tests are less than the tabulated values. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract Graphical abstract

In this study, the concentrations of some heavy metals including Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were determined in the muscles of three commercial fish species available in Duhok city markets in two seasons, using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), after the wet digestion process. Lowest and highest mean values of metals in µg/g (dry weight) were as follows: Al: Under Detection Limit(UDL)-3.71, Cu: UDL-4.00, Fe: 5.40-21.44, Mn: UDL-3.45, Zn: 13.38-140.11, while Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Pb were not detected. The highest levels of Al, Fe and Zn were recorded in Shukhat fish species, and the highest levels of Cu and Mn were recorded in Shabout in the winter season. The highest level of all metals was recorded for Zn (172.8 µg/g) with the highest mean value of (140.11 µg/g) in Shukhat species during winter. Most heavy metal concentrations were below the international permissible limits for fish, however, some of the maximum and mean values of metals were above the international standards. Fe concentrations were above the maximum allowable limits set by WHO (1999). Zn concentrations were above the maximum permissible limits set by joint FAO/WHO (1989) and FAO (2012).

Water supply from bore holesis today used by people from rural areas of Turkey more commonly due to the reduction of available surface water. For this reason, the concentrations of Al, As, B, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, and Zn in borehole waters of the Diyarbakır province (SE Anatolia) were determined in this study. Thirty borehole waters were sampled from different towns and villages. The samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The results of the analyses were compared with guidelines as set by Turkey, the WHO, and the EU. From the results it could be concluded that the ICP-OES method can be considered useful for the routine determination of trace elements in waters and similar matrices. For quality control purposes, the certified reference material TMDW-B Drinking Water was employed for validation. The recovery values were in the range of 93–101%. The Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Sn concentrations in the samples were found lower than the recommended LOD. The concentrations found were in the range of 12.71–111.4 mg/L for Na, 0.76–3.07 mg/L for K, 9.62–115.5 mg/L for Ca, 2.69–41.85 mg/L for Mg, <LOD of 0.12 mg/L for Se, <LOD of 0.21 mg/L for Fe, and <LOD of 0.52 mg/L for Zn. While some of the results were at acceptable guideline limits, the Se amount in six samples was higher than the suggested limit of >10 µg/L

the lone pair on the nitrogen atom causes amines to be both bases and nucleophiles(1). Arylamines are generally less basic than alkyl amines(2). Aliphatic amines find applications in numerous and varied industriesvincluding chemicals, paper, rubber, corrosion, plastic and textile(3). Hexylamine is primarily of interest in surfactants, pesticides, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, rubber,emulsifiers, and pharmaceuticals(4).Benzylamine (α-aminotoluene) is important industrially, which is readily available by hydrogenation of benzonitrile(5) or amination of benzaldehyde(6). It is used in the chemical industry as a starting material for other products(7) . Dipropylamine is a constituent of tobacco smoke(8) used as a chemical intermediate (9) principally in the production of certain herbicides(10), and also used as an intermediate for manufacture of pesticide, zeolites, rubber chemicals and organic catalysts(11). Tripropylamine is a tertiary amine which belongs to the class of trialkylamines. The main application for tripropylamine is the production of quats, which are used as phase transfer catalyst. Smaller applications are the use of tripropylamine as proton scavenger or as molecular template in the production of microporous inorganic catalysts. It is used as an intermediate for cosmetics industry, catalyst (12). Aminophenols are versatile organic compounds used in different industries. Both o- and p- aminophenols, which are easily oxidized, are employed as photographic developers, while m- aminophenol, which is stable in air, is employed as a hair colorant and as a coupler molecule in hair dyes(13). o-Anisidine (2-methoxy aniline) is produced from o-nitroanisol (2-methoxy- nitrobenzene) by catalytic reduction with hydrogen under pressure in an inert liquid medium. It is widely used as an intermediate for the manufacture of many azo dyes, pigments(14). It is also processed to dyes which are used for paper and textile dyeing. It is also present in smoke of cigarette(15). o-Phenylenediamine is used as intermediate in the manufacture of pigments and fungicides. It is also used as a photographic developing agent and in organic synthesis(16). Because of the great importance of amino compounds, it is seen that it is important to develop a simple and easy spectrophotometric method for the determination of a number of amines (o-, m-, p-aminophenol, benzylamine, hexylamine, o-anisidine, o-phenylenediamine, dipropylamine and tripropylamine, scheme (1), as n-donors via charge transfer complex formation reaction with p-Chloranilic acid reagent as π- accepter.

Ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of Gundelia tournefortii (L.) (Compositae/Asteraceae family) consist of the following components which are determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both extracts contain 4 expected compounds. Hexane extract involves three components : methyl 14-methylpentadecanoate (27.43%), linoleic acid, methyl ester (42.32%), linolenic acid, methyl ester (29.48%). While one component was found in ethyl acetate extract : spiropentane, butyl (55.91%). The antibacterial activities of ethyl acetate and hexane extracts against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillas subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumonie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were measured using well diffusion methods. Considerable differences in the antibacterial activity of plant extracts were noticed depending on the used bacterial strain or the type and concentration of plant extracts.

Sulfa drugs are among the first pharmaceutical agents used in veterinary practice. These drugs are widely used in the treatment of infections, especially for patients intolerant to other antibiotics [1,2] Sulfacetamide (I) is active against Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Chlamydia and Mode of resistance [3]. Terbutaline sulfate (II) is widely used as a prophylactic drug as well as to prevent acute exacerbations of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other lung diseases. It relaxes muscles and opens air passage in the lungs, making them easier to breathe [4,5]. It is a short-acting bronchorelaxant which can be given orally [6]. It is readily metabolized in the gut wall and liver when given orally. It has a short duration of action [7]. Lidocaine (III) is a common local anesthetic [8] and antiarrhythmic drug used to treat burning and pain from skin inflammations. Lidocaine patches are used to relieve the pain of post-herpetic neuralgia (the burning, stabbing pains or aches that may last for months or years after a shingles infection) [9]. Viscous lidocaine is used to relieve pain and discomfort from a sore throat/mouth. It is also used to numb the lining of the mouth and throat before certain medical/dental procedures (e.g., dental impressions) [10]. Different analytical techniques have been described for determination of sulfacetamide sodium, lidocaine and terbutaline sulfate, such as HPLC [11-13], voltammetry [14-16], GC [17,18] and Spectrofluorimetry [19]. These methods are often time-consuming, expensive, and cumbersome. Spectrophotometry continues to be very popular, because of its simplicity, versatility and low cost. Several spectrophotometric methods using different reagents have been reported for determination of sulfacetamide sodium, lidocaine and terbutaline sulfate. Diazotization coupling method using 8- hydroxyquinoline [20], iminodibenzyl [21], Phloroglucinol [22] and 3-Aminophenol [23] as coupling agents for determination of sulfacetamide. 4-Aminoantipyrine in the presence of potassium ferricyanaide [24], Fe (III) in the presence of potassium ferricyanide [25] and sodium periodate in the presence of acetylacetone [26] are used for determination of terbutaline sulfate. Phenol red or chlorophenol red [27], Bromocresol purple [28] and Sodium nitroprusside in the presence of hydroxylamine [29] are used for determination of lidocaine. The present method is based on the charge transfer complex formation reaction of above drugs as n-donors with pchloranilic acid as π-acceptor without any derivatization or catalysis.

A simple, sensitive, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for catecholamine (levodopa, methyldopa and dopamine) determination in pure and drug formulations is described. This method is based on the complexation reaction of catecholamine with bromanil. Absorbance of the resulting green colored products is measured at 741 nm for levodopa complex and, 738 nm for methyldopa and dopamine. Beer's Law is obeyed in a concentration range of 0.2 – 3.5 µg ml-1 for levodopa, 0.1 – 4.0 µg ml-1 for methyldopa, and 0.2 – 2.5 µg ml-1 for dopamine and the molar absorptivity is 38222, 41474, and 48202 l.mol-1 cm-1 for levodopa, methyldopa, and dopamine respectively, with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9974) for levodopa, and (r = 0.998) for both methyldopa and dopamine.. The results show a simple, accurate, fast and readily applied method to the determination of levodopa methyldopa, and dopamine in pharmaceutical products. The analytical results obtained for these products by the proposed method are in agreement with those of the official standard method