Abstarct The Conflict between the sons of the ruling families occupies a wide space in the history of the Kurdish emirates, especially in the Ottoman era, and due to the urgent desire to seize power as is common in the Kurdish states and emirates, the longest and fiercest struggle occurred between the sons of Sultan Hussein (Qubad Bey and Bahram Bey) in The 16th century, which lasted for nine years, and left negative effects on the political and social aspects of the emirate later. Despite the interest of researchers in the internal conflicts of the Kurdish emirates in general, the lack of original sources in their hands did not help them to show the historical aspects of those bloody conflicts, specifically in the emirate of Bahdinan, and in light of what was presented, this study is characterized by the fact that it was completed by relying on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, including important books and various records, as well as important sources, foremost of which is Sharafnama’s book by Sharaf Khan al-Bidlisi. This study attempts to reveal some aspects of the conflict between Qubad Bey, the princess of the Emirate of Bahdinan, and his brother Bahram Bey in the period (1576-1585), and analyze the factors that were behind the outbreak of that conflict, as well as searching for its political and social consequences. Keywords: Conflict, Emirate of Bahdinan, Qubad Bey, Bahram Bey, Emirate of Bahdinan, Ottoman Sultan

The Kurdish National Movement in Iran is one of the significance stage of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East particularly this period under this study, as this period is considered to be the beginning of strengthen Kurdish national movement in Iran and the U.S attitude to the Kurdish question in Iran. Hence this period is being taken into an account in order to examine the Kurdish situation and their question in Iran also the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the role of Kurdish movement in gathering the US and Iranian so closely. In this regard this study aims to answer some relating questions such as how strong was the Kurdish question at that time? How was the Kurdish national movement influenced Iran during this period? Did the Kurdish question affect the U.S. interests? What was the soviet role in the Kurdish question? Keywords: Kurdish question in Iran, Soviet, U.S., CIA, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Iran, Iraq and Turkey.

Prince Hussein Al Dasni and his sons; A study of their biography and their administrative role Abstract: Dasin is a very ancient term, that is given to a specific region of the country of Hakkari. the use of this name dates back to before the Islamic conquest of Kurdistan, and despite that, there is very little information about it in the sources. Prince Hussein al-Dasni is considered one of the most important and prominent in the Ottoman era who was mentioned in many books and sources but most of the information about this prince was taken from the Sharafname book of the prince Sharafkhan Al-Badlisi, so we do not see any significant addition information by these sources. This research will concentrate mostly on Prince Hussein Beg Al-Dasni and his son’s roles in politics and administration, as well as, the importance of prince Hussein’s family in the Ottoman Empire. This information is obtained from contemporary documents and original Ottoman sources, in addition to that, some of this information is new and will be published for the first time. Key words: Dasin, Prince Hussein, the Ottoman Empire, Prince Hussein’s sons, Yazidis.

During the Ottoman area, the Kurdish motherland was divided into some large emirates and leaders, the differences between those emirates were according to its kind and its level of independence from the Ottoman state, Shrakhan Bitlisi wrote an account of those emirates for the first time, however, for some invisible reasons he neglected the history of some of them, he did not depict the historical reasons of majority emirates, hence to a great extent the Kurdish emirates history is being unclear and disappeared. This research attempts to shed light on one of the disappeared emirates, it is the (Dasni emirate), it concentrates on the political development and transformation of the Dasni region during the sixteenth century. As a result of having a few accounts and references, its author has used documents and Ottoman authentic records, especially those pieces of evidence related to the recording of important and justification offices (Dafter Muhema) or (Daftar Tawjihat), those records have showed the order and decisions, which ottoman sultan had sent to the Ottoman governors and Kurdish emirs of four sides of Dasni’s region, there are some great details on many aspects of Dasni history in.

ُعــد اإلصالحــات التــي شــهدتها الدولــة العثمانيــة فــي القــرن ت التاســع عشــر مــن الوقائــع التــي وقــف المؤرخــون والباحثــون فــي ً، وبحثــوا عــن أســبابها وأدواتهــا التاريــخ العثمانــي عندهــا كثيــرا والنتائــج التــي آلــت إليهــا. وقــد ظهــرت أولــى تلــك المشــاريع اإلصالحيـة فـي الدولـة العثمانيـة منـذ القـرن السـابع عشـر وذلـك مــع ظهــور بــوادر الضعــف واالنحطــاط فــي الدولــة العثمانيــة. يلقــي هــذا البحــث الضــوء علــى احــدى أقــدم المشــاريع اإلصالحية العثمانية وهو مشروع قدمه رجل دولة عثماني يدعى عزيـز أفنـدي فـي النصـف األول مـن القـرن السـابع عشـر وسـماه )قانوننامــه ســلطاني(، وقــد اعتبــر المصلــح المذكــور »إصــاح أمــور كردســتان« لبنــة أساســية فــي اإلصــاح العثمانــي الشــامل. يحــاول هــذا البحــث باالعتمــاد علــى المصــادر األصليــة بيــان طبيعــة العالقــات السياســية واإلداريــة بيــن الدولــة العثمانيــة واإلمــارات الكرديــة واآلليــة التــي اتبعتهــا الدولــة فــي تنظيــم تلــك العالقـات، والضـرر التـي ألحقـت بتلـك العالقـات نتيجـة التدهـور فـي أوضـاع الدولـة العثمانيـة، كمـا يبحـث فـي أوضـاع كردسـتان فـي المشـروع اإلصالحـي الـذي قدمـه عزيـز أفنـدي والحلـول التـي إ حيــاء عالقاتهــا اقترحهــا إلعــادة القــوة إلــى اإلمــارات الكرديــة و المتينــة مــع الدولــة العثمانيــة. الكلمـات الدالـة: اإلمـارات الكرديـة، اإلصـاح، عزيـز أفنـدي، Abstract The Ottoman reformations of the 19th century were considered to be one of the Important events that were discussed among the historians and researches of the Ottoman Empire history, who searched for its reasons, mechanisms and outcomes. The first Ottoman reformation project emerged in the 17th century, at the discord and weakness time of this state. This study highlights one of the most important reformation projects of the Aziz Effendi, who named “Qanunnamah Sultani”. As he stated that the reformation of the Kurdish circumstances is the path of the general reformation of the country. Depending on the main sources this study will illustrate the political and administrative relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Kurdish Emirates, and its implementation mechanisms. As well as this study states the damages that affected the relationship as a result of the demolishing setuation of the Ottoma Empire. It also demonstrats Aziz Efffendi’s reformations project and his plans in strengthening Ottoman-Kurdish relation, and the suggested solutions for bringing the power to Kurdish Emirates. in order to refresh their matual relations. Keywords: Suleiman the Magnificent, Aziz Afendi, Reform, Kurdish Emirates, political situationالسـلطان سـليمان القانونـي، األوضـاع السياسـية