In the present study, the effects of different oblique angles and diameters on the cylindrical weir and below a gate as a combined device have been studied experimentally. For this purpose, sixteen models of combined cylindrical weir-gate structures have been tested in a laboratory flume. These models had four different oblique angles α (300, 450, 600, and 900). For each angle, the diameter of cylindrical weir-gate changed four times (4, 7.3, 9, and 11cm). The results of all models indicate that the theoretical discharge (Qth) is inversely proportional to the ratio of diameter to height (D/h) and length to height (L/h). As the diameter increases and oblique angles decrease, the actual discharge (Qact) increases. A general expression was established linking Qth/g1/2h5/2 and the discharge coefficient Cd with D/h, L/h, and alfa. The discharge coefficient ranged from 0.55 to 0.99 for various oblique angles and decreased as the angle increased. A strong correlation was observed between the estimated and the calculated values.

Prediction of the flow pattern is a central problms in multi-phase flow analysis. It is a vital point for researchers to accurately predict which flow pattern category types will occur at different flow rates. For this purpose, a mathematical model using the MATLAB (R2017b) computer program is developed for the prediction of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in a horizontal pipe with an inner diameter of 30mm under standard conditions. The properties of the air-water two-phase, the pipe geometry, and the flow rates of phases are defined to initiate the operating conditions. The mass flow rates of air and water changed from 0.002 to 0.004 kg/s and 0.672 to 1.334 kg/s, respectively. The impact of properties of the fluid and pipe diameters on two-phase flow configuration is considered to predict the impact of fluid properties on the flow pattern. The findings indicate that as the mass flux increases, the pipe diameters decrease, affecting the configuration of the flow pattern types. The mathematical model’s predicted results are validated by comparing with previous studies. In addition, good agreement is obtained when the predicted results are compared to the ongoing experiment of this research.

In an artificial environment, the most important key in the process equipment design is determining gas-liquid two-phase flow frictional pressure drop of pipes. To achieve this, an experimental investigation was carried out in this study to analyze the pressure drops of air-water two-phase flow in a 30mm internal diameter horizontal pipe with a length of 6m at different flow conditions. The study was carried out at 20Co using tap water and air. To cover the slug flow pattern, the volumetric flow rate of water varied from 30 to 80 LPM, and the volumetric flow rate of air from 40 to 200 LPM. Pressure transmitters were used to measure pressure at four different points along the test section, each 2m apart. The results of the experiments were compared to 8 models using 3 distinct methods: Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Relative Performance Factor (RPF), and the percentage of data included in the range of the 30% error band. All methods produced similar results, with the Sun-Mishima model being the most accurate.

Weirs are discharge measurement structures have different geometrical shapes. The performances of the modified triangular plan form weirs were studied under free-flow condition. Three groups of weirs were tested experimentally. The first group has a flat top; the second has one slope and the third has two slopes. Each group has three vertex angles (60o , 90o and 120o ) with constant height. The hydraulic performances of weirs are based on the ability to pass the discharge for certain head flow and on the value of the coefficient of discharge. The values of discharge and the coefficient were compared with earlier studies being carried on conventional normal weir, broad crest, triangular plan-form and different labyrinth weirs. All the groups show better performance than conventional shaped and broad weir. The magnification of the actual discharge to the discharge of broad crested weir is more than one and the best one is the first in the third group, while the vertex angle is (60o ) for the second and third group and (120o ) for the first. The performance of the third group is better than rectangular labyrinth weirs, and it is compatible with the triangular labyrinth. The discharge coefficient decreases with the increase of relative value of the head to the height of weir except for the first group. Equations for predicting coefficient of discharge are proposed within the limitations of this test.

The aim of the present investigation is to study the effects of side slope, bed slope and bed roughness on the flow over free overfalls in trapezoidal channels. Three models of trapezoidal free overfall channels have been built and tested in a laboratory flume; each model had four different bed slopes. For each slope, the bed was roughened using artificial strip roughness elements with eight different roughness patterns. The experimental testing program included ninety-six series of experiments for different ranges of Froude number. Experimental results of all models showed that the variation of (𝑸𝒎𝟏.𝟓/√𝒈𝒃𝟓) with (𝒎𝒚𝒃/𝒃) for different bed slopes and various roughness patterns is simple power equation. It was also observed that values of (𝑸𝒎𝟏.𝟓/√𝒈𝒃𝟓) increase with the increase of (𝒎𝒚𝒃/𝒃) values. The correlation between (𝒎𝒚𝒃/𝒃) with (𝒎𝒚𝒄/𝒃) was found to be linear for different bed slopes and roughness patterns. The ratio (𝒚𝒃/𝒚𝒄) decreases with the increase of bed slope (S). An empirical expression was obtained for the variation of (𝑸𝒎𝟏.𝟓/√𝒈𝒃𝟓) with (𝒎𝒚𝒃/𝒃) and (S/n) for the free overfalls with rough beds

Sills under sluice gates is used in hydraulic structures; their effect on the head generated upstream gates for certain rate of flow is related to the height and length of sill. A study is held in laboratory flume on four different prismatic sill heights and one model without sill by changing the gate opening four times for each model. Statistical analyses on the dimensionless physical quantities are done. A positive effect of sill on the performance of flow is noted by increasing the flow rate up to 25% for some models. The coefficient of discharge decreases with increase of relative sill height to the head upstream and increases with three other dimensionless parameters. The relative sill height to the gate opening shows the highest correlation factor with the discharge coefficient and its positive effect on the flow phenomena is 55.4%. Within the experimental measures limitations, a linear equation for predicting the discharge coefficient is proposed with Adj. R2 0.923 .

The aim of the present investigation is to studythe effect of both side and bed slopes on the flow over freeoverfalls in trapezoidal channels, three models of trapezoidal free overfall channels have been built and tested in a labo￾ratory flume. These models had 0.1 m bed width and 3.7 mlength with different values of side slope (m = 0.268, 0.577, and 1). Each model had four different bed slopes (S =0, 0.0033, 0.01, and 0.02). A total of twelve series of the experiments were tested for different ranges of Froude number.Experimental results of all models showed that the variation of (Qm1.5/gb5) with (myb/b) for different values of side slope and different bed slopes is a simple power equation.It was observed that the values of (Qm1.5/gb5) increase with the increase in (myb/b) values. The correlation between(myb/b) with (myc/b) is found to be linear for different bed slopes. The ratio (yb/yc) decreases with the increase of slope(S) with an average value of 0.729 for subcritical and super￾critical flow on smooth beds of different slopes. An empirical expression is obtained for the variation of (Qm1.5/ gb5) with (myb/b), and (S). The results of the present study have been compared with theoretical and experimental results ob￾tained by other investigators showing well agreements.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the performance of weir and gate. An experimental study in a laboratory flume is carried out to study flow over and under cylindrical weir gate in combined structure as flow measurement device. Four models having different diameters were tested in a laboratory flume. In each model, the surface was roughed four times. The results of the test show logical negative effect of the increase of surface roughness on the performance. The performance of the combined structure improved with decrease ratio of roughness to the upstream head (Ks/H) and with the increase of the total head to the diameter of the weir (H/d). Empirical relations were obtained to estimate the variation of discharge coefficient (Cd) in terms of some dimensionless parameters. Within the limitations of the present experimental work an equation to predict the discharge is proposed with R2 of 0.936. Finely the contribution of the gate increases relative to the weir when the surface roughness increases.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of surface roughness sizes on the discharge coefficient for a broad crested weirs. For this purpose, three models having different lengths of broad crested weirs were tested in a horizontal flume. In each model, the surface was roughed four times. Experimental results of all models showed that the logical negative effect of roughness increased on the discharge (Q) for different values of length. The performance of broad crested weir improved with decrease ratio of roughness to the weir height (Ks/P) and with the increase of the total Head to the Length (H/L). An empirical equation was obtained to estimate the variation of discharge coefficient Cd in terms total head to length ratio, with total head to roughness ratio.