Olea is a genus of about 40 species in the Oleaceae family distributed in warm temperate and tropical areas of southern Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. The study aimed to use the variations in the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) region to construct a phylogenetic tree for 12 Iraqi olive varieties with 15 ITS1 sequences downloaded from the NCBI database. Leaf samples were collected from 12 olive varieties grown in five geographical regions of the north of Iraq. Using the BLAST algorithm, 12 sequences were manually adjusted by chromatogram comparison and aligned with the NCBI GenBank database. Haplotype diversity ranged from zero in the Australian population to one in the Moroccan and Spanish populations. Nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.0 in the Australian population to 0.08 in the Algerian population and Tajima's D value was −0.940. Genetic differentiation values ranged from 0.0177 between Iraqi Moroccan and Iraqi Spanish populations to 0.6540 between Iraqi and Algerian populations. The average pairwise nucleotide diversity within populations was 0.9036 in Iraqi and Turkish olive populations to 0.8671 in Iraqi and Algerian populations. The phylogenetic tree formed 2 main clusters. The first cluster includes all Algerian varieties and the Iraqi varieties are grouped in second cluster. The negative Tajima test value in all populations indicates an excess of rare alleles. The high value of gene flow between the Iraqi and Australian populations may have been mediated by human transport and these varieties may have been originated from the same geographical region.

THE OLIVE (Olea europaea L.) is a member of the Oleaceae family, which includes approximately 30 genera and 600 species. In this study collected 88 leaf samples from 17 olive varieties from five geographical regions in Iraq. The Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 17 varieties. The DNA samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 9 microsatellite (SSR) primers (DCA7, DCA9, DCA11, DCA16, DCA18, EMO90, GAPU71A, GAPU71B, and GAPU103). For statistical analysis, Power Marker v.3.25 was used to assess different molecular genetics parameters. Mega software was used to generate a phylogenetic tree. The size of the alleles ranged from 91 bp in DAC11 to 245/270 bp in DAC9. The computed mean number of allele was 44.33, and the allele frequency was 0.0892. The observed heterozygosity was 0.2577, with heterozygosity 0.258. Cluster analysis of the total 9 microsatellite markers was used to study the genetic relationships among the 88 different olive genotypes, and they were divided into two main clusters and five sub-clusters. The local cultivars and the foreign cultivar shared the same SSR alleles and they were genetically similar. There were small molecular variations (1%) among the studied geographical regions. The study aimed to investigate the genetic connections among these cultivars and offer valuable insights that can guide forthcoming efforts in cultivation expansion and breeding initiatives. Keywords: Genetic diversity, Olea europaea, Phylogenetic analysis, Population structure

Introduction: The rapid and recent rise in the pandemic of cardiovascular disease implies that the environment plays a significant role. Numerous biological systems, such as the cardiovascu-lar, blood-forming organs, liver, and kidneys, can be affected by gasoline and smoking. Because filling station employees, repair service workers, gasoline truck drivers, and refinery workers are all at a greater risk of being exposed to gasoline fumes. Even though gasoline and smoking have been investigated for so many years, few studies have looked into the effects of gasoline exposure combined with smoking on a variety of physiological mechanisms. As a result, we propose that combining gasoline exposure with smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular dis-eases and impaired hepatic function. Methods: To take this theory to the test, the levels of cholesterol, HDL4, LDL-C, triglyceride, and VLDL were measured, as well as for liver enzymes ALP, AST, ALT, indirect bilirubin, direct bili-rubin, and total bilirubin were measured. Results: Our data suggest that smoking with gasoline exposure causes an increase in total and bad cholesterol levels, as well as a significant shift concerning the control group in lipid profile and liver enzymes. the exposed group had higher levels of ALP, and AST and significantly in-creased. In the nonsmoker exposed group D-bilirubin decreased in comparison to the control and exposed smoker group. Conclusion: This research concluded that the liver enzymes (ALP, AST, ALT) were higher among workers who smoke and are exposed to gasoline than in control subjects, similarly, the bad cho-lesterol also increase. Therefore, people who smoke and are handled with gasoline are at a high-er risk of having heart and hepatic diseases. Keywords: Bilirubin, Cardiovascular, Cholesterol, Gasoline, Hepatoxicity.

Background and objectives: North central Middle Eastern countries Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria all have persistent Kurdish regions. Over thousands of years, several ethnicities have immigrated, settled, or resided in the region, including Turks, Persians, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Chechens, and Azeris. The aim of the present study is to use a set of Y-STR to characterize the genetic structure of the Kurd, Assyrian, and Armenian population and build a phylogenetic tree among them. Methods: Eleven Y-chromosome STRs were evaluated in a total of 90 unrelated males from the Kurds, Armenians, and Assyrians populations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq (DYS19, DYS390, DYS393, DYS426, DYS437, DYS439, DYS447, DYS460, DYS461, DYS481, and DYS576). Using a DNA extraction kit, total DNA was isolated from leukocytes. PCR products were run on 8% polyacrylamide gel with a 50bp ladder as DNA marker to size the bands, and silver staining was used to identify the DNA bands. Power Marker V3.25 software was used to determine variety of genetic parameters, including total allele number, allele frequency, gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA-X software. Results: The total number of alleles identified in the three populations was 380. The sizes of the alleles ranged from 87bp to 275bp.TofheSemiticmost diverselanguagesloci w.ere DYS447Armeniansand DYS576are a (GD:culturally0.949), whereas DYS426 showed the least diversity (GD:0.896). The Phylogenetic tree divided the populations into two main clusters; The Kurdish and Armenian clades in one cluster and the Assyrian in another cluster. Few of dendrogram leaves from the three examined groups were admixed with each other. Conclusions: This study confirms the high-resolution Y-STR typing's ability to discriminate. It concludes that the genetic distance between Kurd and Armenians is less than the genetic distance between the Kurd and the Assyrians, meaning that the Armenians population are genetically closer to the Kurds population. Keywords: Genetic diversity, population genetics of Iraqi Kurdistan, Y-chromosome STRs The Polytechnic Journal ● Vol 12 ● No 2 ● 2022 148 ©2011-2022, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region - F

Background: Over than eight tenant groups make up Kurdistan region of Iraq "local populations. Overall majority of the inhabitants are Muslim Kurds, followed by" "Yezidi Kurds. Alternative groups including Armenians, Assyrian, Chaldea Syriacs as" well as a little minority of Arab and Turkmen individuals. Methods: A total of 60 unrelated males from three population groups in Kurdistan "region of Iraq Arabs, Soran and Behdinan kurd were successfully analyzed for ten Y-" "chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS390, DYS393, DYS437, DYS439, DYS447," "DYS460, DYS461, DYS481, DYS576). Whole DNA has been extracted from the" blood samples using DNA extraction kit. PCR products were run on 8% polyacrylamide gel with a 50bp DNA ladder marker to size the bands for each sample. silver staining was used to identify the DNA bands. Power Marker V3.25 software was used successfully to determine a variety of genetic parameters which "include total allele number, allele frequency, gene diversity and polymorphic" information content (PIC). Phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA-X software. Results: The total number of alleles identified in the three populations was 155. The size of the alleles ranged from 112bp to 245bp. The DYS19 had the highest diversity "(GD: 0.941), whereas DYS393 locus had the lowest value among all (GD: 0.813)." "The Dendrogram split the populations into two main clusters: Arabs in one cluster," whereas Soran and Behdinan in another cluster. Conclusions: This study validates that the discrimination potential of high-resolution Y-STR typing and supports the main datasets on the samples from Kurdistan region of Iraq. The comparison of two group of Kurds and Arab datasets offers an intriguing total pattern of Kurd groups. Meaning that Sorans are genetically closer to the Behdinan population. "Keywords: Y- chromosome STRs, Genetic diversity, population genetics of" Kurdistan region of Iraq.

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used mostly in crops. This study looked at the genotoxic and Glyphosate has a cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa. As toxicity markers, the Mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, formations of Micronucleus, germination percentage, root duration, and seed weight were used. Allium cepa seeds were afflicted with distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml/l) of Glyphosate for 24 h treatment periods. The results reveal that pesticide Glyphosate is capable to reduce root growth and causes chromosomal aberrations; consisting of an anaphase bridge, ring chromosome, binucleated cells, multipolarity, Fragment chromosome, vagrant chromosome, chromatid gaps, star anaphase. With increasing Glyphosate concentration, the mitotic index decreased rapidly. In conclusion, our findings indicate that used pesticide may be toxic to living organism.

Cyren (Chlorpyrifos 500 g +Cypermethrin50g/Liter) is one of the widely used organophosphate insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of this insecticide in males of Swiss albino mice Mus musculus BALB/c strain. The tested parameters were chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sperm abnormalities to evaluate possible damage effects on genetic material and sperms. The pesticide was administered orally to male mice in four different doses (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg of body weight). The mice were killed after three or six weeks of treatment. The results of chromosome aberration assay revealed that all the tested doses and periods induced chromosomal aberrations (CA) such as centromeric gaps, chromatid gaps, chromatid deletion, dicentric chromosome, and ring chromosome. The results of sperm abnormality assay revealed that Cyren has the ability to induce sperm abnormalities in all doses used compared to untreated mice, which represented by hookless sperm, swollen head sperm, amorphous head sperm, defective hook sperm, banana head sperm, double head sperm, double tail sperm, bent midpiece defect and coiled tail.

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Iraq and the world. It includes many species and varieties. The two major cultivated species of wheat are, durum wheat (Tritium durum Desf.) which is tetraploid (2n= 28) and the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is hexaploid (2n = 42). Ten wheat varieties from both species were examined using ten Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (WMC17, WMC20, WMC21, WMC24, WMC25, WMC48, WMC50, WMC283, Xgwm11 and Xgwm626). Various genetic parameters were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. A total of 156 alleles were detected in both species. The gene diversity in wheat varieties from both species collectively varied from 0.85 to 1.00, which indicates considerable genetic diversity in the examined varieties. All markers used in this study were highly informative and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values were higher than 0.50 in all loci. Hence all markers are considered useful for genetic diversity studies in wheat’s populations. The dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades and many subgroups. Azadi variety was simplicifolious. This study confirms the discriminating power of SSR typing and its usefulness for comparison within hard and soft wheat populations.

Many studies had confirmed existence of relationship between food flavorants and occurring of many types of cancer such as stomach, liver and kidney carcinomas. In this study we found that synthetic Vanilla (vanillin) which is a food flavorant widely used in food industry and homemade pastry causes many types of chromosomal disorder in Vicia faba root tips cells such as gaps ,breakage, stickiness, translocation and braiding of sister chromatids .There was a progressive reduction in plant height, primary and secondary root length when plants treated with 0.2% , 0.5% ,1% , 3% , 5% concentrations of synthetic vanilla as a result of mitotic index reduction.In contrast to these results , the low concentration of 0.2%vanillin increased plant height and mitotic index .