أنا  Mohammed Khairy M.Salih

There are numerous challenges in producing water effluents in established reservoirs, which could eventually result in their abandonment. Preformed Particle Gel (PPG) is employed in gel to water the cutoff treatment of such reservoirs, a procedure that blocks the channels of fracture and insulates the highly permeable areas. The specific method results in successful conformity control in addition to lowering the water output. In this study, a novel form of PPG with a very high swelling ratio of 250 grams of water absorbed per gram of dry gel (g/g) was introduced. The formulation consisted of acrylamide as polymer, N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, Potassium Persulfate (KPS) as initiator, along with the synthesis of SiO2/Xanthan Nanocomposites (NCs) and the synthesis of corn oil surfactant (sodium ethyl ester sulfonate anionic surfactant), which together formed the PPG. The PPG functions as a superabsorbent, absorbing water up to 100–250 times the dry weight of the gel. The study examined the effects of the temperature, salinity, concentrations of polymers, cross-linker, and initiator on PPG swelling. According to the results, the PPG swelling ratio decreased as the concentrations of polymers, crosslinkers, and initiator increased along with the salinity. The PPG swelling ratio significantly reduced to within 1000 ppm of SiO2/Xanthan NCs, with values dropping by nearly 50%. However, the reduction was not significant outside this concentration range, which was referred to as PPG10. For the rheology test, samples of PPG 10 with a 2.5 cP viscosity were selected. The viscosity value of the samples remained consistent for different rotational speeds (60%, 100% and 120%). The blocking effectiveness and performance of the three samples were evaluated through core flooding tests conducted on sandstone cores. According to the test results, PPG11, PPG12, and PPG13 reduced the water effluents by 22%-39%. To enhance the Water Cut Reduction (WCR), the sample with the highest WCR (PPG11) was selected, which lowered the sandstone core water effluents by 36%-39%.

This study examined the impact of salt content and ZnO nanoparticle on the biopolymer solutions' rheology as well as their mixed mixtures. For every solution under a range of conditions related to temperature, polymers concentration, mixed ratio, and amount of salt, The viscosity of shear was measured over a wide range of shear rates. Guar solution viscosity tended to rise as the amount of salt increased, and this was noticeable at both low and high polymer concentrations example like 400 ppm and 2400 ppm. with different ZNO nanoparticle concentration whereas xanthan solutions were found to be More susceptible to solutions containing salt, which has resulted in a reduction in shear viscosity. For the xanthan/guar mixes, synergism was not discernible at any of the employed ratios, including 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The rheology of biopolymer and ZNO nanoparticle combinations was significantly impacted by salt, with the exception of formulations with a high guar component. We think that this approach, which combines xanthan and guar solutions with 0.3 % wt of zinc oxide nanoparticle are a useful tactic to regulate the morphology and rheology of solutions to be utilized in the field of enhanced oil recovery.