2022-04

Doctoral Conference on Modern History

Abstract The development of railways, the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the generation of electric power contributed to the growth of Europe`s industrial economies and compounded their need to seek new areas of expansion. For ages, European commercial ships traveled long distances to reach India. Thus, European powers found it necessary to build the Suez Canal in 1869, which reduced some 4,500 miles of distance between Europe and India. The emergence of Germany as a strong European power after the unification of 1871 and its commercial and political incursions into the Near East has heightened British anxiety about its economic interests in the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the emergence of oil in Mesopotamia and Persia significantly increased the importance of the Near East for filling European economic needs. As this region was located on the British trade route to India, it was clear that Britain would be one of the first competitors to control the region commercially. The momentous decision to transition the Royal Navy from coal to oil was decided, and efforts were made to ensure the flow of oil. This resulted in the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909 and the Anglo-Ottoman Concession of 1913.

2017-03

Aylol Revolution in the Local and Foreign Journalism 1916-1975

Abstract: The Kurdish liberation movement in northern Iraq and its struggle against the Iraqi government from (1970-1975) became the subjects of the internal and external press because it was one of the most significant topics in the Middle East. The British newspaper Guardian filled its pages with these events that took place between the Kurdish revolution and the socialist Baath Party in Baghdad during those five years. It has to be said, that the Guardian newspaper recorded events directly from the heart of the event when it erupted. The (Ta’akhi -brotherhood) newspapers have spoken on behalf of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and it was defending the Kurdish liberation movement. In contrast, the (al Thawra) newspaper, has spoken on behalf of the Baath Party and encouraged those decisions taken by the Iraqi government toward the Kurds. But, in this regard, the Guardian newspaper was neutral in its writings and publishing of the events that were taking place between both of them. Especially, those events that arose after the signing of the March Agreement of 1970, till the signing of the convention of Algeria in March 1975, between Iraq and Iran. In this field, the Guardian newspaper was neutral in its attitude; in one of those attitudes and in a very neutral stance about the Kurdish revolution the Guardian stated that the demands of the revolution for independence are legitimate rights of the Kurds.