The lymphatic system serves as a crucial interface between immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, with lymphatic injury triggering profound immunological changes. A well-functioning lymphatic system is essential for robust immunity, and several lifestyle interventions can significantly enhance its performance. This integrated system is essential for proper circulation, nutrient processing, and host defence, demonstrating how its structural design directly supports its multifaceted physiological roles in maintaining overall health. The growing understanding of lymphatic-immune interactions has led to innovative therapeutic strategies targeting lymphatic function for immune enhancement. This review synthesizes current knowledge on lymphatic-immune interactions, beginning with fundamental mechanisms of antigen transport and lymphocyte trafficking, then exploring clinical connections to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. A key focus examines how lymphatic injury modulates regulatory T cell (Treg) biology - patient studies reveal 6-fold increased Treg accumulation in lymphoedematous tissues, while murine models demonstrate these are predominantly proliferating natural Tregs (CD4+FoxP3+Nrp-1+) that locally suppress inflammation yet may compromise antimicrobial defence. Emerging therapeutic strategies are discussed across three fronts: pharmacological approaches targeting lymphatic pumping, immunomodulatory interventions in cancer, and evidence-based natural adjuvants. The review culminates by highlighting practical lifestyle modifications - including specialized exercise protocols, hydration strategies, and manual lymphatic drainage techniques - that may synergize with clinical interventions. By supporting lymphatic vessel integrity, fluid transport, and immune cell trafficking, these interventions not only improve pathogen defence and vaccine responsiveness but also mitigate chronic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and cancer progression. Together, these findings position lymphatic function as a master regulator of immune balance, offering novel pathways for managing conditions ranging from lymphedema to autoimmune diseases through combined mechanistic and holistic approaches.

In this review study, we explore the therapeutic potential of bee products, including royal jelly, propolis, and honey in modulating the immune system and addressing many different health conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the bioactive components of bee products and their role in enhancing human health. Products by honeybees (bee), such as propolis, royal jelly, and their bioactive ingredients, have drawn interest for their potential as treatments for a range of skin conditions because of their strong antibacterial, anti inflammatory, regenerative, and immunomodulatory qualities. Studies have demonstrated the ability of royal jelly and its constituent 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) to regulate melanogenesis, offering promising avenues for treating pigmentation disorders such as melasma and skin aging by modulating key enzymes involved in melanin production. Additionally, these bee products have been shown to enhance wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration, reducing inflammation, and accelerating the closure of wounds. Royal jelly's water-soluble proteins, such as MRJP2, MRJP3, and MRJP7, stimulate epidermal cell proliferation and migration, while propolis exhibits strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, further supporting its use in treating wounds and skin infections. The combination of propolis with polymer-based wound dressings has demonstrated enhanced wound closure and accelerated healing, particularly in diabetic and burn models. These findings suggest that bee products offer a natural and effective alternative for dermatological treatments, with the potential for incorporation into tissue engineering approaches for improved wound healing. However, further clinical studies are required to validate the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of these bee-derived products in human dermatology, which could ultimately lead to their integration into mainstream therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.

he ongoing occurrence of zoonotic and viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, Nipah, and Ebola viruses, underscores the requirement for transformative innovations in vaccine and antiviral development. Classic vaccine technologies like inactivated or live-attenuated virus products have lengthy production cycles, cold-chain storage, and are poorly suited to reacting rapidly to emerging threats This review synthesizes the most recent advances in molecular virology, immunogen design, and biotechnology that will propel the next generation of prevention and treatment tools. We begin with the genomic and structural characteristics of high-consequence zoonotic viruses, highlighting the molecular determinants for virulence, host switching, and immune evasion. The review then provides a comparative review of the emerging vaccine platforms such as mRNA, DNA, viral vector, subunit, and inactivated vaccines based on design rationale, delivery systems, immunogenicity profiles, and global rollouts. At the same time, molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs acting against viral polymerases, proteases, and entry mechanisms are discussed, and the new challenge of resistance evolution is emphasized. We also highlight recently developed molecular diagnostic tools like CRISPR-based tools, nanopore sequencing, and isothermal amplification technologies that are transforming real-time pathogen diagnosis in veterinary and human medicine. Last, the One Health aspect is introduced through veterinary applications of vaccines to zoonotic spillover prevention and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, this review gives a vision-orientated account of molecular strategies that bring together human and animal medicine to combat future pandemics. Our aggregated tables and visualizations are an asset for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in the improvement of epidemic preparedness and cross-species disease surveillance.

SUMMARY. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a family of enzymatic proteins that depurinate ribo somal RNA, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. Sambucus ebulus L. (dwarf elder), a perennial herb of the Adoxaceae family found in Europe and Western Asia, is a known source of diverse biologically active RIPs. These proteins, including ebulin isoforms, have shown significant cytotoxic, antiviral, and anticancer ac tivities. This mini-review delineates the structure, mode of action, and biomedical applications of RIPs isolated from S. ebulus and emphasizes their biosafety and therapeutic values. The short review also discusses recent challenges in the utilization of these molecules and future directions for controlling their activity in clinical and agri-biotechnology.

Good nutrition is essential for a balanced lifestyle and effectively addresses nutritional disturbances. Nutraceuticals, particularly flavonoids found in plant-derived foods, show diverse medical advantages, particularly anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Myricetin, a flavonol found in fruits and vegetables, is notable due the prospect of nutraceutical benefit and cancer-protective properties. Cancer is a major worldwide health problem, and existing treatments can lead to difficulties. Although breakthroughs in cancer therapy, it's still an important factor of mortality worldwide, with high expenditures and unpleasant consequences. Antioxidant-rich medicinal plants and biologically active compounds have the potential to avoid and treat diseases. To overcome these challenges, the search for alternative anticancer drugs is crucial. Herbal medicines, particularly flavonoids, significantly influence cellular and molecular mechanisms and channels associated with Cancer initiation and metastasis. Myricetin, a dietary flavanol, exhibits notable pharmacological activities, especially in the realm of anticancer effects against various human cancers. Myricetin, a polyhydroxy flavonol, emerges as a promising candidate, in cancer prevention is evident through various mechanisms, making it a subject of extensive research. This review provides a most recent record of research findings on myricetin's anticancer potential, emphasizing its multifaceted contributions, safety considerations, optimal doses for various types of cancer, and implications in experimental studies. Additionally, difficulties such as bioavailability improvement through nano-formulations and the synthesis of derivatives for further exploration are discussed. The evidence gathered underscores myricetin's potential as a synergistic agent with existing anticancer drugs and offers valuable insights for researchers in the field.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the levels of TNF-α, IGF-1, IL-6, and IL-10 protein in blood samples and their potential link to bronchitis-asthma diseases in the Iraq Duhok population, highlighting the prevalence of these long-term inflammatory diseases. Methods Sixty blood samples were used and separated into patients (n = 43) and control (n = 17) groups. Serum samples were separated for each individual. Elisa method was used in terms of 4 different proteins investigated in blood samples with the manufacturer’s instruction brand kits. Results This study evaluated TNF-α, IGF-1, IL-6, and IL-10 protein levels in blood samples from asthmatic bronchitis patients in Duhok. Although these levels were elevated compared to controls, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion The differences thought to be related to the bronchitis-asthma diseases could not be demonstrated between the patient and control groups in Iraq Duhok population. Future research should explore larger sample sizes and stratified patient groups to identify potential biomarkers.

Natural compounds are the result of millions of years of evolution, natural compounds include a wide range of chemical compounds, as a result of which various medicinal compounds are obtained. Natural products have complex and diverse chemical structures. Meanwhile, the use of natural products as modifiers of biological performance has also attracted considerable attention. Global market demand for natural products is growing day by day, public health issues and safety concerns are also increasingly recognized. These products have become one of the most important sources for the development of new lead compounds and scaffolds. Natural products will be used continuously to meet the urgent need for the production of effective and useful drugs and play an important role in the production of drugs with effective compounds for the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. Many clinical studies have been conducted on the use of these compounds. In addition to what has been stated, herbal compounds are used for other diseases related to chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis and ischemia. We hope this work will provide important knowledge for therapeutic or preventive applications of natural products in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a rising prevalence worldwide. It is characterized by symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Environmental factors, such as an urbanization, air pollution, and lifestyle are believed to contribute to the increasing prevalence of asthma. The Mediterranean Diet profile focuses on whole grains, good fats (fish, olive oil, nuts etc.), vegetables, fruits, fish, and very low consumption of any non-fish meat. Along with food, The Mediterranean Diet emphasizes the need to spend time eating with family and physical activity. So, it represents not only a dietary pattern but also a lifestyle. It is scientifically accepted that the Mediterranean diet is protective against chronic and inflammatory diseases. The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based diet with high antioxidant content. The primary source of fat is olive oil, and the diet is low in saturated fat. Additionally, the Mediterranean Diet is also recommended for asthma patients due to its potential positive effects on weight control. This literature review describes the positive effect of the Mediterranean Diet on improving asthma symptoms while highlighting various healthy lifestyle benefits for people with asthma.

Bronchitis, asthma, allergy and bronchialasthma diseases are very common in these years. These diseases, which have increased with the age in the past, are nowadays frequently seen from very early ages and even from infancy. In addition, the frequency of these diseases varies according to different populations. It is suggested that environmental factors, genotypic structure of individuals have special effects or additive effects in these diseases which are also associated with the immune system not working effectively. The aim of our study is to determine the expression levels in some genes that are suggested to be related to these diseases in blood samples between the patient and control groups. In this study, gene expression values performed with the RT-PCR analysis are compared between brochititis-asthma patient group and control group by using 16 gene region. According to RTPCR gene expression analysis, individuals with bronchial-asthma have had remarkable increases or decreases in some gene regions. Some of these changes were found statistically significant.

Background: Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation; and hyper-responsiveness. The prevalence of asthma is high, and both its prevalence and burden have increased over the last several decades. The study of inflammatory markers has implications for the appropriate management of this disease. Inflammatory markers has implications for the appropriate management of this disease. Objective of the study is to determine the correlation between asthma severity using pulmonary function tests with sputum eosinophilia and total serum IgE levels. Methods: This case-control study was conducted from March 2017 to September 2018 in the respiratory unit of Azadi general teaching hospital. It included 42 asthmatic patients and 18 healthy subjects. They underwent pulmonary function tests and measurement of total serum IgE levels. Induced sputum was done for asthmatic patients. Results: The age of asthmatic patients ranged from 16-70 years (mean 42±19 years). The asthmatic patient’s female: male ratio was 1.8. Mild asthma was the most common severity group (N=18, 43%) followed by moderate asthma (N=14, 33%) then severe asthma (N=10, 24%). Abnormal sputum eosinophilia (≥3%) was detected in 90% of severe asthma (N=9) compared to 36% in moderate asthma (N=5) and 5.6% in mild asthma (N=1). There was significant statistical association between asthma severity and sputum eosinophilia (p=0.00004). The association between asthma severity and total serum IgE levels was highly significant (p<0.0000) with levels of total serum IgE increasing as the severity of asthma increases. Conclusions: Severe asthma is the least common severity group in this study. Both abnormal sputum eosinophilia and total serum IgE levels are associated with the severity of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Eosinophilia, IgE level, Sputum