One of the most influential works in the Islamic intellectual tradition, Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-Dīn (The Revival of the Religious Sciences, 1095-1106 CE) by Al-Ghazali has been given little attention as a rhetorical artefact. This paper fills that gap through a rhetorical-stylistic analysis of the Iḥyāʾ, exploring the ways Al-Ghazali appeals to the classical appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos to negotiate the power, induce spiritual change, and authorise the unification of Islamic law (sharīʿa) with mystical interiority (ḥaqīqa). Based on a purposive corpus of passages in the khuhtba (preface), the Book of Knowledge, the Book of the Wonders of the Heart, and the Book of Remembrance of Death, the analysis reveals that Al-Ghazali develops a three-part persuasive structure where authority is asserted and exercised simultaneously; emotive appeals are made using eschatological imagery and rhymed prose. Importantly, the three appeals do not operate independently, e.g. Quranic citation as such is at the same time an intertextual ethos, a communal logos, and an affective pathos. Placing its results in the context of both Aristotelian rhetoric theory and the native Arabic balagha, the paper argues that the Iḥyāʾ is a kind of integrated rhetoric that challenges strictly linear approaches to persuasion and rhetoric, and the stylistics of devotional prose.

There are a number of different categories of enriching English vocabulary, which are grouped into smaller methods based on the way they function. Some methods are productive, while some others are creative. Besides, some methods are more or less frequent/productive than others which may be due to a number of reasons such as the nature of the language itself and possibly the period the language is undergone on. Therefore, three different years from different centuries, precisely 1785, 1885, and 1985, are taken from Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to discover the frequency/productivity of the methods in each. The concrete results show that the language and time play a role in the frequency and productivity of each method. They also indicate that the frequency of some methods has gradually increased while of some others decreased.

Language as a constantly changing aspect of life experiences different changes that include, inter alia, vocabulary, grammar, sounds. Some of the words that were used in Old English are no longer in use. This paper deals with the loss of a number of directional adverbs that were vitally in use in Old English while disappeared in Present Day English (PDE). A group of seven adverbs were selected to serve as data for this research. Each adverb is examined separately in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), and Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to find their frequency, meaning, and the context of their usage within two centuries. The results showed that there was a prominent decline in the frequency of the given adverbs. Nevertheless, the frequency rates fluctuated through decades to reach an absolute disappearance in Present Day English. Due to the lack of the scholarly work on this issue, the reason behind the loss of these adverbs is remained unclear.