أنا  Shaimaa Saeed Mihi

This paper investigates whether monetary variables (broad money supply, inflation rate, official exchange rate, interest rate) have the ability to impact on economic growth expressed as GDP at fixed prices in the selected oil-producing countries (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Algeria). For this purpose, annual data from 2004 to 2023 were examined using the Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (PDOLS) methodology and the Kao cointegration test. The empirical results showed that monetary variables are able to impact economic growth, and the results indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between monetary variables and economic growth. The results indicate the positive effect of broad money supply on economic growth, and the inverse effect of the inflation rate, exchange rate, and interest rate on economic growth. The interest rate is considered the most influential monetary variable on economic growth in the long-run, followed by the inflation rate, then the broad money supply, and finally the exchange rate. Through the Error Correction Model (ECM), the results showed the existence of a short-term relationship between broad money supply and interest rate with economic growth. It has been shown that there is an imbalance in the relationship between monetary variables and economic growth between the long and short run, and that economic growth will take approximately a year and a half to return to its equilibrium value in the long- run after the effects of shocks to monetary variables. Keywords: monetary variables, economic growth, panel dynamic ordinary least squares method, long and short run relationships, Panel Co-integration

The phenomenon of commodity dumping is one of the challenges facing the Iraqi economy, and this phenomenon had a great impact on its various aspects. As it led to the decline of the agricultural and industrial sector, increasing unemployment rates and increasing the tendency towards consumption. Due to the high percentage of imports significantly and increasing from year to year for different types of main commodities. Especially food and agriculture, and this phenomenon worsened in Iraq after 2003. The Iraqi markets have witnessed a great openness to imported goods, cheap prices and poor quality, which led to their competition for local agricultural products, and that the lack of import regulation laws and weakness in the control bodies contributed to the spread of this phenomenon. The importance of this study comes to show the negative impact of the phenomenon of commodity dumping on agricultural production, while the problem of the study was the extent of the impact of the phenomenon of dumping on agricultural production (domestic product) and is it possible to determine the size of the damage generated from this phenomenon. The study relied on the combination of the descriptive and quantitative approach depending on scientific sources, including the method of joint integration and the model (ARDL). The study adopted To measure and analyze the relationship between agricultural production represented by (domestic product) as a dependent variable and between commodity dumping represented by commodity, agricultural and total imports as independent variables. The standard results indicated that the explanatory variables of food, agricultural and total imports adversely affect statistically significant on the dependent variable agricultural GDP in the short and long term, and therefore the policy of commodity dumping directly affects agricultural production in Iraq during the study period.

This study aims to measure the impact of public and private bank credit on the non-oil GDP in Iraq for the period (2004-2019). The study relied on analyzing the effect of a group of variables most affecting the dependent variable using advanced statistical methods. The study relied mainly on the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method in estimating the effect of bank credit variables on non-oil GDP, as well as the standard model to confirm the absence of the autocorrelation problem according to the (LM) test, and the absence of the estimated model from the problem of heterogeneity according to the (ARCH) test. The results of the study were identical to the alternative hypothesis, which states that there is a significant and weak effect of the credit of private banks on the non-oil GDP (NOGDP) with no significant effect of the credit of public banks on the non-oil GDP. This is due to the fact that the Iraqi economy is a rentier economy that depends on oil as a major source for the state, and to other factors that affect non-oil output, the most important of which is the security and political issues. The study suggests the necessity of activating the role of bank credit in the production process by addressing the structural imbalances in the Iraqi economy.