PakistanABSTRACTThis study investigatesthe effects ofChlorella vulgarisand iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) as dietary supplements on the health ofCyprinus carpio. Eighty juvenile carp (156.8 ± 2.14 g) were divided into four groups: control (T0), 10% C. vulgaris(T1), 85 mg/kg Fe-NPs (T2), and a combinationof both(T3), fed for60 days. Biochemical, enzymatic, and histological parameters were analysed. The results showedthatC. vulgarissupplementation (T1) provided the most significant benefitsbyreducing glucose levels. Thecombination group (T3) also showed improved glucoseregulation. Serum ALT and AST were lowest in T3, while T1 showed muscle enzyme reduction (ALT: 50.53 ± 2.49 U/l; AST: 596.1 ± 88.15 U/l). Histologically, T1 enhanced muscle fibredensity and spleen immune activity, whereas T3 mitigated Fe-NPs-induced iron accumulation. In conclusion, while all treatments improved fish health, C. vulgarisalone offered the most consistent metabolic, enzymatic, and tissue benefits, highlighting its potential as a sustainable aquaculture feed additive

This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (Na-F) on Labeo rohita (rohu), a freshwater species. Eighty fish (100-150 g) were acclimated for 15 days under controlled conditions (pH 7.5 = 0.04, dissolved oxygen 8.11 ‡ 0.12 mg/L, temperature 22.81 ‡ 0.31 °C) and exposed to Na-F at O (control), 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mg/L for 45 days. Hematological analysis revealed severe reductions in red blood cells (RBC) (3.13 ‡ 0.05 × 10/mm'), hemoglobin (Hb) (7.23 ‡ 0.33 g/dL), and hematocrit (Hct) (26.70 ‡ 0.7%) in the 17.5mg/ L group (P< 0.05). Immunological disruptions included elevated white blood cells (WBCs) (20.13 ‡ 0.43 × 103mm') and neutrophils (21.32 ‡ 0.70%) alongside decreased lymphocytes (12.12 ‡ 1.51%) (P< 0.05). Serum biochemistry showed hypoglycemia (75 ‡ 2.34 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemia (167.6 ‡ 1.16 mg/dL), reduced albumin (1.3 ‡ 0.08 mg/dL), and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (303.3 ‡ 3.9 IU/L). Organ weights reduced significantly, particularly gills (1.4 ‡ 0.04 g, P< 0.05). The findings highlight Na-F's, alerting hematological, metabolic, and immune functions in L. rohita, necessitating stricter environments fluoride regulation in aquatic

MERCURY accumulation affects the gastrointestinal, and renal systems. In this study, we aimed to study the physiological, and histological effects of mercury oxide on the liver and kidney in male Wistar rats. During 22 days, we divided 25 rats into 5 groups. The control group is placed first, followed by vinegar, low, medium, and high dose mercury groups. The control group was given only water. The vinegar-only group was given only vinegar. Mercury oxide-treated (HgO) group was given HgO 0.375 mg/kg/day. Mercury oxide treated group given HgO 1.5 mg/kg/day. Mercury oxide-treated (HgO) group was given HgO 4.5 mg/kg/day. We studied the levels of ALP, LDH, AST, ALT, albumin, creatinine, and urea. Histopathology of the liver and kidney were also studied. The result of this study was hepatic sinusoid dilation, renal tubule degeneration, and glomerulus shrinkage. This study showed non-significant differences among groups in terms of renal glomerulus diameter. The results showed that HgO at dose (1.5 mg/kg/day) had significantly higher levels of LDH, ALT, and AST enzymes when compared to the control group. While at the highest dose of mercury oxide (4.5 mg/kg/day), LDH, ALT, and AST enzyme levels decreased when compared to the lower doses. Our results showed a nonsignificant increase in urea level. Consequently, our investigation demonstrated that exposure to mercury oxide after therapy may result in toxicity to the kidneys and liver.

Abstract This study aimed to explore the histomorphometrical and histopathological alterations of umbilical cord (UC) vessels caused by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM). A total of thirty UC samples were obtained from full term pregnant women without any complications. Ten out of thirty UCs were obtained from non-diabetic pregnant women (normal group), 10 from GDM and 10 from PGDM pregnant women. Segments from the placental attachment, center and fetal side of UCs were taken for each group. These segments were processed for paraffin blocks, sectioned, and stained with H&E, Masson trichrome (MT) and Periodic Acid Shift (PAS). The results of the histomorphometric study showed no significant differences in the UC mean weight among these three groups. In three different segments, GDM resulted in a significant decrease in artery and vein wall thickness compared to the control group. GDM and PGDM resulted in a non-significant difference in the diameter of artery and vein in fetal segment, the vein in placental segment, and artery in the central segment compared with normal. All the UCs in the three groups contained two arteries and one vein but only one cord recorded in the GDM group contained one artery and one vein. Histological study of diabetic UC segments showed extravasation of blood, artery discordance, degeneration of Warton’s jelly (WJ) fibers with formation of honeycomb like empty spaces, formation of multiple spaces between smooth muscle cells of tunica media and detachment of the umbilical arteries from surrounding WJ. In both diabetic groups, there was a marked decrease in collagen fibers in tunica intima and media with their irregular arrangement in both arteries and vein especially in placental segment. The results also showed there was a rich carbohydrate content in the intima and media in all three groups. In conclusion, the current results proved that GDM and PGDM have an adverse effect on the structure of UC and its vessels