2024-04

8th International conference of Zakho Centre for Kurdish Studies

The Organization of Land in Kurdistan and the emergence of Sheikh and Tribal leaders Powers in the Ottoman Land code of 1858 There are variety kinds of lands in the Ottoman state, these lands were known as governmental and non-governmental lands, at that time Kurdistan as a significance part of the Ottoman State, when the Ottoman government made a decision and law was fulfilled in Kurdistan as well as, many times these laws also decision influenced Kurdistan effectively, cause naturally Kurdistan was different from other parts of the Ottoman State hence the Ottoman were unable to fulfill its laws in Kurdistan although after the demising of Kurdish emirates and the collapse of families administration in Kurdistan, the Ottoman government decided to make a new laws for organizing Ottoman lands, as a result declared the code of 1858.This code was fulfilled in Kurdistan and had influenced Kurdistan so effectively , consequently this study is taken into an account in order to depict the consequence of this land code on Kurdistan and to know the Ottoman attitude towards the Kurdish emirates. This article attempts to explore some key aspects of this land code; hence the fundamental structure of this study is to demonstrate the preparation and contents of the land code of 1858 and its main objectives in Kurdistan. Furthermore, this study maneuvers to shed lights on the land system in Kurdistan till the publishing of the land code of 1858 and annexed Kurdistan into Ottoman State and the administration organization in Kurdistan till the 19th century, likewise in its endeavors this article shows the Ottoman efforts for organizing and controlling Kurdish areas after the collapsing of Kurdish emirates and Kurdish fundamental structure and the Ottoman officials relations with Kurdish tribal leaders and Sheikhs.

2022-04

کونفرانسێ نێڤدەولەتى یێ شەشێ یێ سەنتەرێ خواندنێن کوردى ل زاخۆ

Kurdish Traditional cultures from the Orientalists view points Karwan Salih Waisy Lecturer, history department, faculty of human sciences, Zakho University, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Traditional cultures of every nation is reflecting its own thoughts also that kind of traditional cultures make them to be known, its reflections appeared among the nations, this reflection came up with a result of writing on such a field. Undoubtedly Kurdish orientalism played a key role of introducing the Kurdish traditional cultures, hence it could be found the Kurdish traditional cultures became an important leaf of Kurdish orientalist memoirs, meanwhile each one of them took into an account of a certain area traditional cultures, their perspectives are mostly the same, to a great context this subject of Kurdish traditional history is being ignored in academic writings. This research consists of an introduction, background overview, five sections, its introduction shows its contents, the background of this article shed lights on the Kurdish traditional characteristics which had been depicted by Kurdish orientalists, in its first section this research explores Kurdish food and drinks, second section of this study clears up the orientalists’ view points on the Kurdish traditional clothes. In its third section attempts to demonstrates happiness among the Kurds, the fourth section of this study presents the Kurdish hospitalities, in its fifth section the research endeavors to explain some wondering thoughts among the Kurds from the orientalists’ standpoints. Its conclusion indicates the outcomes of it. Keywords: Kurdish orientalists, Kurdish traditional cultures, Kurdish food and drinks, Kurdish clothes and wondering thoughts of Kurds

2022-03

کونفرانسێ جینۆساید یێ سیێ یێ سەنتەرێ بێشکچى

Concepts and types of Genocide: A historical study KARAN SALIH WAISY History department, faculty of human sciences, University of Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq Genocide is one of the most horrible tool that the dictatorial and dangerous authority is used a political tool to terrified also destroy those people who struggled against its power, undoubtedly the main objective of those authorities were destroying those ethnics, which demanded their rights and equality within their authorities. On the other hand, those authorities identified those groups as a threat to their powers and states in the future, they were finding that they were unable to demolish them by military forces. Hence, they were forced to use chemical destruction weapons with the aim of scratching the ethnics and informing them that whenever you would attempt to cross border of their authorities then you would not have a right to life and you would be killed. In the light of that its necessary to search on the concept of Genocide and its types. Cause Genocide would not occur only through killing. This reach is divided into an introduction, background, seven sections and a conclusion. Its introduction shows the content of study. Its background attempts to shed lights on the key concepts of Genocide, the first section depicts physical genocide, in its second section this article present the biological genocide, the third section clarifies cultural genocide, furthermore, the fourth section clear up the economic genocide, in its fifth section this study effort to shows bylaw genocide, the sixth section present the religion genocide. Its seven section demonstrates the moral genocide. Its conclusion shows the outcome of this study. Keywords: Genocide, the United Nation, forbidden of genocide, types of genocide and principles of genocide.

2019-04

Uluslararası Bitlis Tarihi ve ‎İdris-i Bitlisî Sempozyumu‏ ‏‏

The area of Bitlis is one of the most significant areas, which has played a fundamental ‎role in the political and military developments during the Ottoman Empire. This role was widely ‎appeared during the era of emir Abdal Khan Bitlisi. He was the most influential and self-‎governing Kurdish prince. Hence the Ottoman Empire paid much attention to it. On the ground ‎of that emir Abdal Khan had generated some steps to develop his power in region and Ottoman ‎Empire feared of his steps. Consequently, the Ottoman state carefully and widely paid attention ‎to his planes and agendas. Therefore, this study strives to take this period into account to get a ‎wider knowledge on how the Ottoman authority managed with him. It must be noted that this ‎article endeavors to examine this crucial study according to English references comprehensively. ‎ This study contains an introduction, two sections and results. The introduction clarifies a ‎brief history and sort of Bitlis governing. Additionally, it clears up the Ottoman policy, relations ‎and its attitude toward emir Abdal Khan. Moreover, it illustrates Sultan Murad IV’s meeting ‎with emir Abdal Khan. In its endeavors of depicting the power and rule of emir Abdal Khan ‎Bitlis, the first section of this research explores some local dynamic forces of Bitlis. Furthermore, ‎it is in attempts of this section to show the power, capabilities, sources and taxes of emir Abdal ‎Khan’s government. In addition this section casts light on the problems emerged between the ‎Ottoman and emir of Bitlis. ‎ The main concentration of this article is being on the second section, which strives to ‎clarify events relating to emir Abdal Khan Bitli’s revolution. In its efforts, this section views ‎behavior and attitude of the Ottoman Empire to this revolution and how the Ottoman state ‎struggled to demolish this revolution. This section also sheds light on the suspects and ‎transgression of emir Abdal Khan’s in the Ottoman eyes. In its final efforts, the second section ‎explores how emir Abdal Khan was toppled up from power by the Ottoman court. In the ‎conclusion, it shows the results that the researcher has discovered throughout this study.‎

2019-04

ئێكه‌مین كونفراسێ زانستى یێ ‏نیڤده‌وله‌تى ل سه‌ر جینوسایدێ زانكۆیا دهۆك / سه‌نته‌رێ ‏بێشكچى بۆ ڤه‌كۆلینێن ‏مرۆڤایه‌تى

This study is entitled, '' The Regional and International Attitude to the Genocide of Kurds in ‎Iraq from March 1975 to September 1988 ''.Its noteworthy to point out that genocide is one of ‎the most dangerous and influential approaches that the tyrannical regimes used through different ‎techniques against a nation under their powers. Certainly, the tyrannical regimes used genocide ‎against these nations, which are attempting to obtain their national rights through a political and ‎self-governing administration unit and an independent state. Profoundly, these powers, which are ‎used this process, they are being considered that this nation is a key part of its sufficient power, ‎likewise, its land has plenty of natural resources, which make them to consider if separate from ‎their control, it would effect on their incomes and economies. As a result, they are taking ‎Genocide approaches against it with the aim of making them soundless and remained under their ‎powers. Candidly, throughout contemporary history of Iraq, the Kurdish nation has faced many ‎catastrophes and genocides through successive Iraqi administrations. The genocide approaches of ‎Iraqi governments had affected on the Kurdish leaders to effectively endeavour familiarising ‎their national question to the international community. The period under this study is considered ‎to be the beginning of the genocide process of Kurds in Iraq. Owing to after the collapse of the ‎Kurdish revolution in March 1975, the Baathist regime immediately conducted its Kurdish ‎genocide method. During this period the regional and international powers played a key role in it. ‎Consequently, it has been necessary to conduct a research on the regional and international ‎attitude to the Kurdish genocide in Iraq. ‎ This study is being divided into an introduction, an overview, three sections and ‎conclusion. Its introduction sheds light on the significance, objectives, problem statement, ‎references and method. In order to get a big picture of the genocide history of Kurds in Iraq, the ‎background of the study depicts the Iraqi government genocide policy of Kurds between 1975 ‎and 1988. In its first section, this article shows the Kurdish attitude to their genocide and their ‎attempts to take their question to the international community. This study in its second section ‎attempts deeply and carefully to discuss the regional attitude to the Kurdish genocide. In its ‎third section, this study manoeuvres meticulously and academically to look at the international ‎policies and attitudes towards the Kurdish genocide in Iraq. Frankly, this section is a ‎fundamental structure of this study. As, during this period the international powers such as the ‎United States of America has a fox stance to the Kurd. Conclusion of this study demonstrates ‎findings of this study, which are being discovered by its author. ‎

2019-04

‎ İnternatıonal Conress On ‎Diyarbakır

This period under this study is considered to be one of the most preponderant and sensitive ‎stages of the Diyarbakr province’s history. On the light of that during this period some critical ‎political and societal transformations occurred in this province. As a resulted, they seemed to be ‎reasons behind of conveying some influential events into it and transferred the situation of this ‎region toward a very sensitive and instability situation. These events encouraged Turkish ‎authority of that time to generate some approaches with the aim of controlling the circumstances ‎of the region to secure its stabilities. Hence, this article takes this key period into an account to ‎show these transformation events that occurred in this province properly and scientifically. This ‎research uses some relevant references, which are related to this significant period. ‎ This study contains of an introductory, background, four sections and conclusion. In its ‎introduction, this article depicts on the Diryabakr’s province situation before the First World ‎War. Afterward the background of this study attempts to shed lights on the relations between ‎Diyrabakar’s factions, respectively. In its first section, this article clarifies the sociopolitical ‎transformation of 1916 and the deportation of Kurds in Diyarbakr province. The second section ‎of this article endeavors to clear the Muslim settlement up in this region in 1917. In its third ‎section, this research attempts to shed lights on the events and transformation of the Diyarbakr ‎province in 1918. The fourth section of this article explores how the Diyrbakr province had been ‎controlled by Kamalist from 1919 to 1923. In its conclusion, this article shows the results which ‎are being discovered by the author of this article.‎

2019-04

كونفرانسێ سییێ یێ ‏نێڤده‌وله‌تى ‏یێ سه‌نته‌رێ زاخۆ ‏بۆ ڤه‌كۆلینێن ‏كوردى ‏

This study entitles; ‎‏"‏The British Usage of Statistics Regarding to the Kurdish Question in Iraq ‎from 1922-1926‎‏"‏‎, undoubtedly, this period is considered to be one of the most significant stages ‎of the Kurdish question in Iraq. Owing to the Kurdish question was taken into an account by ‎British and Turkey so seriously. Each of them attempted to drastically show the Kurdish ‎population in their data differently, the British authority objective was to attach Kurds into Iraq ‎with the aim of protecting its interests in the region. From the British perspectives, the ‎attachment of Kurdish areas to Iraq was so preponderant through politic and security means. As ‎a result, it appeared that British had endeavored to clear up the number of Kurdish population ‎yearly effectively in all its meetings and discussion with the Turkish authority. Due to this, it’s ‎necessary to conduct an in-depth scientific research on how the British authority used data ‎regarding to the Kurdish question in Iraq. This research concentrates its main focus on the using ‎reports and references, which have showed this British approach. ‎ This article is being divided into an introduction, background, five sections and findings. ‎In its introductory, this study depicts its significance, objectives, problem statement and ‎reference, which are being used. With the aim of getting a big picture of the British attitude to ‎the Kurdish question, this study in its background casts the light on the British plebiscite in Iraq ‎and its attitude to the Kurdish question between 1919 and 1921. In its first section, this study ‎throws light on the determination of fate of Mosul through data from 1922 to 1924. In order of ‎getting the ethnic circumstances in Mosul province, the second section of this research clarifies ‎the usage of ethnic data for determining the wishes of mixed ethnics in the region. In its third ‎section, this study clears up the borderline committee of the year 1925 and the wishes of the ‎population of Mosul province. This section considers being the backbone of this study, as the ‎borderline committee suggested some crucial recommendations regarding to the destiny of the ‎Mosul province population. Conclusion of this study explores the findings that being discovered ‎by the author of it. ‎

2019-04

كونفرانسێ سییێ یێ ‏نێڤده‌وله‌تى ‏یێ سه‌نته‌رێ زاخۆ ‏بۆ ڤه‌كۆلینێن ‏كوردى ‏

This research is entitled, ‎‏"‏The British Interests in Kurdistan Between 1797 and 1840s ‎‏"‏‎. It’s obvious that the land of Kurds “Kurdistan”, which is known as “the Heart of ‎the Middle East”, in the eyes of Britain, as a result of its geostrategic position is ‎always being under the threats of great powers similarly being a challenged area ‎among the super powers. Due to the great powers, particularly British in all approaches ‎had effectively maneuvered to make its position, basis and power in the area. ‎Obviously, many factors had encouraged the British to effort these approaches and ‎determinedly made efforts for protecting its good-wills in the region. Owing to the ‎British had a number of different interests such as missionary religion in the region ‎and they had played a key role of moving the British to the region. Hence, this ‎research endeavors to cast light on the development of British interests and its policy ‎regarding to the protection of its interests in the region. ‎ This study is being divided into an introductory, an overview and three ‎sections. In its introductory, this study struggles to depict its preponderant, objectives, ‎concept of the British interests in the region as well as the crucial resources being used ‎for it. This study clears up the British taking into an account of Kurdistan, how and ‎for what purpose the British viewed the Kurdish areas. For exploring the British ‎interest position in the region, the first section of this article demonstrates the British ‎economic interests in the region and its consideration upon Kurdistan. The second ‎section of this study attempts the British political and military interests, the British ‎movements regarding to the situations and circumstances of Kurdistan, the role of ‎Kurdistan’s ways for the British forwarding to India. In its third section, this article ‎sheds light on the British religion interests in the region, as it was a key and effective ‎instrument in the hands of British for the Christian religion and avoiding the Christian ‎participation in the Kurdish religion. At the end its conclusion throw light on the ‎findings that being discovered by the writer of this research. ‎

2019-04

دوویه‌مین كۆنفرانسێ ‏نێڤده‌وله‌تیێ فه‌كۆلتیا ‏زانستێن مرۆڤایه‌تى

This article presents “the Successive Iraqi governments’ policy towards the Kurdish Language question between 1958 ‎and 1970”. This era is being picked it up. As it is one of the most sensitive stages of the Kurdish Language question ‎in Iraq. On the ground of that the Kurdish leaders were determined to find an approach to resolve the Kurdish ‎language question and obtain their language demands in Iraq since ever. Additionally, in this period plenty of ‎fundamental political development took place in the political system of administrating in Iraq, likewise, in this era those ‎governments ruled Iraq had a variety sort of policies, in addition to they dealt with the Kurdish language matter ‎according to their necessities with the aim of making their positions and taking over the Kurdish areas. Hence, this ‎article strives in an in-depth, meticulous and scientific method to clarify those kinds of policies of Iraqi governments ‎used upon the Kurdish language question in this country. This research is using some suitable Kurdish, Arabic and ‎English resources and documents for demonstrating in an organised and academic technique.‎ This article is divided into an introduction, background and three sections. In its introduction, this article ‎sheds light on the definition, the importance of language and the scholars’ views on the Kurdish language. In order to ‎get a bigger picture of the successive Iraqi governments during the monarchy period, the background of this study ‎attempts to precisely and sincerely clear up the attitudes of Iraqi governments to the Kurdish language question ‎between 1932 and 1958. In the first section, this piece of writing strives to demonstrate the political system alteration ‎in Iraq and how Abdul Karim Qassim coped with the Kurdish language mater from 1958 to 1963. In its second ‎section, this article sheds light on the first Baathist government policy towards the Kurdish language question after the ‎‎1963 coup till 1967. Moreover, this study clarifies variety policies of the Baathist government, which used upon the ‎Kurdish language. The third section of this study wisely endeavours to elucidate the sensitive stages of the second ‎Baathist government policy of the Kurdish language question and its agreements with the Kurdish leaders upon the ‎visibility of the Kurdish language in Iraq between 1968 and 1970. In conclusion, this study shows the outcome of this ‎study which it has reached during its investigation. ‎

2019-04

كونفرانسێ نێڤده‌وله‌تى یێ دووێ یێ كولیژا زمان، زنكۆیا نه‌ورۆز

پۆخته‌ كوردناسى (كوردۆلۆجى) زانسته‌كه‌ دۆیڤچوونێ ل سه‌ر هه‌مى لایه‌نێن گرێدایى ب ملله‌تێ ڤه‌ دكه‌تن. ئه‌ڤ ‏زانسته‌ لده‌ستپێكێ وه‌ك پشكه‌كا زانستێن مرۆڤایه‌تى دناڤ ڕۆژهه‌لاتناسییێ دا و پاشی ئیرانناسییێ دا ل ئه‌ورۆپا ‏هاتیه‌ نڤێسین و خۆاندن. ببۆرینا ده‌مه‌كێ درێژ وه‌كو زانسته‌كێ سه‌ربه‌خۆ ژ ڕۆژهه‌لاتناسیێ هاتیه‌ جودا كرن و ‏بایه‌خه‌ك گرنگ ژلایێ وه‌لاتێن ڕۆژئاڤایى ڤه‌ پێهاتیه‌ دان. به‌لێ دناڤ كوردان دا دیرۆكا وێ تاراده‌یه‌كێ ب ‏ڤه‌شارتى مه‌یه‌. ژبه‌ر هندێ بفه‌ر هاتیه‌ زانین ڤه‌كۆلیینه‌ك لدۆر ئه‌ڤى زانستێ گرنگ بهێته‌ ئه‌نجامدان داكۆ دیرۆك، ‏تێگه‌ه و دۆیڤچوونه‌رێن وێ ب روونى بهێنه‌ دیاركرن. ئه‌ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ پشت به‌ستن ل سه‌ر كومه‌كا ژێده‌رێن ‏ئنگلیزى، كوردى و عه‌ره‌بى كرى یه‌. ‏ ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ ژ پێشه‌كى یه‌كێ، ده‌رازینك، شه‌ش ته‌وه‌ران و ده‌رئه‌نجامان پێك دهێتن. ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ دپێشه‌كیا ‏خۆدا، به‌حسى، گرنگى، ئارمانج، ئاریشه‌، رێباز و ژێده‌رێن دڤه‌كۆلینێ دا هاتینه‌ بكارئینانن دكه‌تن. ده‌ڕازینكا ‏خۆدا، ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ روونكرنا دده‌تن سه‌ر چه‌مك و پێناسه‌ێن كۆدرۆلۆجێ دكه‌تن. بۆ پتر شاره‌زابوونێ د دیرۆكا ‏په‌یدابوونا كوردۆلۆجێ دا، د ته‌وه‌رێ خۆ یێ ئێكێ دا، ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ روونكرنێ دده‌تن سه‌ر دیرۆكا كوردۆلۆجێ. ‏ته‌وه‌رێ دووێ یێ ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ ئاماژێ ب مفاێن زانستى و ئامانجێن كوردۆلۆجێ دكه‌تن. دته‌وه‌رێ خۆ یێ سییێ ‏دا، ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ شرۆڤه‌كرنێ دده‌تن سه‌ر كارێن كوردناسان، ته‌وه‌رێ چوارێ، ئاماژه‌ ب گرنگترین بابه‌تێن ‏كوردناسان ل سه‌ر كوردان نڤێساین دده‌تن. د ته‌وه‌رێ خۆ یێ پێنچێ دا، ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ شیكاران دده‌تن سه‌ر ‏گرنگترین ئارمانجێن كوردناسان دناڤ كوردان دا. ته‌وه‌رێ شه‌شێ، یێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ تیرۆژكان به‌ر دده‌تن سه‌ر ‏گرنگترین هۆكارێن بووینه‌ ئه‌گه‌رێ دره‌نگ په‌یدابوونا كوردۆلۆجێ دناڤ كوردان دا. دوماهیا ڤه‌كۆلینێ روونكرنا ‏دده‌تن سه‌ر ئه‌وان ده‌رئه‌نجامان، ئه‌وێن دماوێ ئه‌نجامدانا ئه‌ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ دا هاتینه‌ ڤه‌دیتن. ‏ په‌یڤێن گرنگ: كۆردۆلۆجى، كورد، زمان، ئایین، چڤاك، مێژوو و ره‌وشا سیاسى. ‏

2018-11

چواره‌مین كۆنفرانسا زانكۆیا ‏سلێمانێ (یا زانستێن ‏مرۆڤایه‌تی)، ‏

باژێرێ سلێمانیێ رۆله‌كێ گرنگ د دیرۆكا كوردى دا هه‌یه‌. ئه‌ڤ باژێره‌ ببوو بنگه‌هه‌كێ گرنگ ‏دپێشهات و كاودانێن گشتى دا ل كوردستانێ، ئانكۆ دڤێ ماوه‌ى دا سلێمانیێ رۆله‌كێ به‌رچاڤ د وه‌راركرنا ‏پێشهاتێن گشتى دا هه‌بوو. ئه‌ڤ چه‌نده‌ بۆ ئه‌گه‌رێ هندێ هه‌ر زیكا ره‌نگڤه‌دانا ئه‌ڤى باژێرى ل ده‌ڤه‌رێ ‏به‌ربه‌لاڤبیتن. دئه‌نجامدا، ده‌وله‌تێن وى ده‌مى كونترۆل ل سه‌ر ده‌ڤه‌رێن كوردى هه‌ین، نه‌خاسمه‌ ده‌وله‌تا ‏عوسمانى ب چاڤه‌كێ پرى هه‌ستیار به‌رێخۆ ددا ئه‌ڤێ ده‌ڤه‌رێ. ژبه‌ركو ئه‌ڤ باژێره‌ دكه‌ڤته‌ دناڤبه‌را سنۆرێ ‏عوسمانى و قاجاریان دا. ژبه‌ر هندێ ئه‌ڤ ماوێ بۆ ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ هاتیه‌ ته‌رخانكرن، دهێته‌ نیاسین ب سالێن ‏زێرین یێن ره‌نگڤه‌دانا كاودانێن گشتى یێن سلێمانیێ. ‏ ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كۆلینه‌ ژ پێشه‌كیه‌كێ، ده‌رازینك، سێ ته‌وه‌ران و ده‌رئه‌نجامان پێك دهێتن. ئه‌ڤ خواندنه‌ د ‏پێشه‌كیا خۆدا، روونكرنه‌كێ دده‌تن سه‌ر گرنكى، ئارمانج، رێباز و ژێده‌رێن هاتینه‌ بكار ئینان دڤێ ‏ڤه‌كۆلینێ دا. ئه‌ڤ ڤه‌كولینه‌ د ده‌رازینكا خۆدا، به‌حسێ كاودان و پێشهاتین كارگیرى و سیاسى یێن باژێرێ ‏سلێمانیێ دكه‌تن. د ته‌وه‌رێ خۆیێ ئێكێ دا، ئه‌ڤ لێكولینه‌ شرۆڤه‌كرنه‌كێ دده‌تن سه‌ر كاودانێن جڤاكى و ‏ئابۆرى یێن ئه‌ڤى باژێرى. چونكو ئه‌ڤ باژێره‌ك به‌رده‌وام دكه‌ڤته‌ به‌ر هه‌ڤركیێن عوسمانى و قاجارى. له‌وڕا ‏به‌رده‌وام گوهورین ب سه‌ر كاودانێن وێ یێن جڤاكى و ئابۆرى دا دهات. بۆ پتر ئاشنا بۆ ل دور كاودانێن ‏ره‌وشه‌نبیرى یێن سلێمانیێ، ته‌وه‌رێ دووێ یێ ڤێ ڤه‌كۆلینێ به‌حسێ خواندن و فێرخوازیێ ل ده‌ڤه‌رێ ‏دكه‌تن. ژبه‌ر هه‌ڤركى و هه‌وێن له‌شكه‌رى به‌رده‌وام خه‌لكێ ده‌ڤه‌رێ توشى نه‌خۆشیێن گران دبوون، له‌وڕا ‏ته‌وه‌رێ سیێ دا به‌حسێ بارودۆخێن ته‌ندۆرستییێ ل ده‌ڤه‌رێ دكه‌تن. ده‌رئه‌نجامێن ڤه‌كۆلینێ به‌حسێ ‏ده‌رئه‌نجامێن هاتینه‌ ئاشكراكرن لده‌مێ ڤه‌كۆلینكرنا ڤێ بابه‌تى دكه‌تن. ‏

2018-04

سيَةمين كؤنفرانسا ‏زانكؤيا هةكاري (يا ‏زانستيَن مرؤظايةتي)، ‏

This article is examined the attitude of the international powers to the Kurdish question in ‎the New York Times Newspaper between 1879 and 1920s, during the emergence of the ‎Kurdish nationalist liberation movement. As during the period under this study, many ‎events, political and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish question ‎in the Middle East, have been in this newspaper's reports. As a result, the archive reports ‎of the New York Times Newspaper that clarified Kurdish question have been used in this ‎article exclusively. Accordingly, this newspaper endeavored to explore Kurdish issue and ‎the politics of the regional player specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the ‎Kurdish, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of declaring uprisings and revolts ‎against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America in ‎particular. It is noteworthy to point out that this newspaper was the first foreign ‎newspaper to introduce the Kurdish question to the world. ‎ This study includes one and introduction, two sections and a conclusion. In its ‎introduction, this article sheds light on the reflection of the Kurdish question in the ‎reports of the New York Times Newspaper and how has introduced the Kurdish issue in ‎the appearance of the Kurdish nationalist liberation movement. The first section of this ‎article depicts upon the treatment of this newspaper with the Kurdish question in the ‎Middle East from 1855 to 1879. It further analyzes this newspaper's attempts of covering ‎events, which were related to the Kurdish issue, politics and stances of the governments ‎of British, Iraq, Turkey and Iraq to the Kurds. In its second section, this article attempts ‎to illustrate the Kurdish question in the New York Times reports between 1880 and 1898. ‎Moreover, this section is struggled to present plenty of key happenings, which are linked ‎to the armed forces, politics and attitude of the regional and international powers ‎especially to astonish the USA to the Kurdish issue and its leaders. The third section of ‎this article attempts to illustrate the Kurdish question in the New York Times reports ‎between 1899 and 1925. Moreover, this section is attempted to depict plenty of crucial ‎events, which are related to the armed forces, politics and stances of the regional and ‎international powers effectively to astonish the USA upon the Kurdish issue and its ‎leaders. ‎