This work presents a first-principles investigation of the structural, electronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of Pb-free cubic LiInI3 perovskite using density functional theory (DFT). Structural optimization confirms the stability of the cubic Pm–3 m phase with an optimized lattice constant of 6.19 Å and an equilibrium volume of 240.66 Å3. The negative formation energy (Ef) (− 0.63 ) and bulk modulus (B) of 17.68 GPa indicate thermodynamic stability and a mechanically soft but stable lattice. Electronic band structure calculations reveal that LiInI3 is a direct-band-gap semiconductor with a fundamental band gap of 0.42 eV at the R symmetry point, while density of states (DOS) analysis shows that the valence-band maximum (VBM) is mainly dominated by I-p orbitals and the conduction-band minimum (CBM) by In-s/p states. Optical calculations demonstrate a static refractive index of approximately 2.1, strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption with a pronounced absorption peak near 13 eV, and a negative real dielectric response at high photon energies, indicating plasmonic behavior. Thermodynamic properties calculated within the quasi-harmonic Debye (QHD) model reveal smooth pressure- and temperature-dependent variations in volume, free energy, heat capacity, entropy, and Debye temperature (ΘD) over the investigated ranges (0–1000 K and 0–2.5 GPa), confirming excellent vibrational and thermal stability without phase transitions. These findings establish LiInI3 as a structurally stable, environmentally friendly, Pb-free perovskite with promising potential for future optoelectronic, photonic, and UV-device applications.

bstract Statistical analysis of dew point temperature and other meteorological parameters are very important for climatic variability. Seasonal and annual data of dew point temperature for some meteorological stations in Kurdistan region of Iraq were analyzed to determine their magnitude and trends using statistical linear regression method with (SPSS) program and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method of (ArcGIS). The spatial analysis shows that seasonally the highest and lowest values were recorded at Erbil and Amedi stations of (13.41 oC, -1.39 oC) at summer and winter seasons respectively, and for mean annual variation the maximum and minimum mean values of dewpoint also recorded at Erbil and Amedi stations of (9.02 oC, 2.61 oC), respectively. Temporally, the seasonal dewpoint temperature trends have positive variation at most of stations, while in Duhok, Zakho and Pirmam stations have negative trend value at summer season. Seasonally, Kalar station has maximum positive trend with value of (0.741 oC/year), on the other hand, the minimum dewpoint trend of (-0.292 oC/year) detected at Pirmam station. The annual trends were positive at all of stations in study area with significance correlation for most stations, the highest and lowest increasing trend were recorded at Kalar and Duhok stations of (0.361 oC/year, 0.071 oC/year) respectively.

The spatial and temporal analysis of Relative humidity is very important for climatic variability. Seasonal and annual data for 8 meteorological stations in the Kurdistan region of Iraq (1992-2020) were analyzed to determine the significant trends and magnitude of RH using the Mann-Kendall test and Sens slope with the GIS interpolation method. The spatial analysis shows that the highest values were recorded at the Pirmam station with values of (71.40%) and (52.91%) in the winter season and annual data respectively, while the lowest value was recorded at Akre station of (19.21%) and (41.83%) in summer season and annual data respectively. According to the temporal variations of RH, the significant decreasing trends are found at Akre station at the different confidence levels with the lowest value of (-0.996%/yr) at the 95% confidence level during the winter season. However, in the Erbil, Chamchamal, and Sulaymaniyah stations, substantial positive increasing trends were identified, Chamchamal station has the highest value of (0.780 %/yr) at the 95% confidence level in the winter season. The annual RH trends indicated that Akre, Duhok, Erbil, Chamchamal, and Sulaymaniyah revealed significant increasing and decreasing trends at different confidence levels, Akre station has the maximum dropping trend with the value of (-0.858 %/yr), on the other hand, the maximum rising RH trends of (0.500%/yr) detected at Chamchamal station.

Studding the trend analysis in climatic variables and evaluating their statistical significance in recent times are the great evidence of climate change availability. In this study, Parametric linear regression and nonparametric Mann-Kendall test were employed for detecting the seasonal and annual trends in Relative Humidity (RH) time series at seven stations in Duhok province in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The annual RH results indicate a decreasing trend at all stations except Duhok station, whereas the significance trend was observed at Mangesh station by (-0.144 %/year). The seasonal analysis shows a significant decreasing trend in RH at Akre and Amedy stations during summer season, the trends was negative at most of stations. The parametric and nonparametric results were identical at most stations especially at Duhok station, which is the annual value increased by (0.07%/year).

Society started searching for alternative resources of energy, with more awareness of their responsibility to the environment. Renewable energies (RE) in buildings and cities experience a huge expansion, which raises many challenges to the scientists, researchers, and engineers. RE such as solar and wind energy is a clean and inexhaustible energy, and its technology is developing rapidly. This will lead to good results in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels. This study mainly focuses on analysis of wind energy potential inside a Gali-Zakho Tunnel in Duhok province in northern Iraq, which is located on the highway that connects the border between Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey. This work also included investigating the feasibility of generating electrical energy (EE) from wind energy (WE). The idea proposed here is a new technique to generate electrical energy from WE produced due to the vehicles motion in this new Tunnel. The Gali-Zakho Tunnel is designed and constructed of a dual carriageway road with two lanes on each carriageway on the route linking Duhok to Zakho. The total length of the tunnel is 3604 m, and the diameter of each tunnel is 12.4 m. As the automobiles moves on this tunnel, there is a creation of pressure. Therefore lots of impact wind energy is generated due to the wind pressure difference. Due to this pressure, wind flow and create pressure thrust. This wind pressure thrust depends on many factors such as the intensity of the traffic, the size of the automobile, and the speed of the automobiles. For example, when the speed of small automobile was 65 km/h, the wind speed was 6 m/s. This WE can be converted into mechanical energy with the help of small turbines by placing them just nearby this highway sides. Therefore, these small turbines will generate EE. This EE can be used for different applications. This system can be used to produce electricity for the following applications: lighting the tunnel, pumping water and develop a well-maintained irrigation system to nearby area, communications equipment, etc. To fulfill this project, extensive research work on wind flow patterns is required to determine the average velocity of the impact wind created by vehicles running on the highway. Anemometer was used to measure velocity of fluid flow (air) in the surroundings at different orientation. It was found that the impact pressure thrust depends on different factors such as: (a) the intensity/frequency of the vehicles traffic, (b) the speed of the vehicles, (c) the size of the vehicles, (d) velocity of natural wind, (e) distance between the harnessing system and vehicles, and (f) angle of impact.

Experimental data related to 40 MHz Argon plasma parameters in the RF power and pressure ranges of 25-200 Watt and 0.2-0.5 Torr are presented. Electron temperatures are obtained using both double probe and optical spectroscopy methods. acceptable consistency between results is obtained. Double probe method is also used to obtain the plasma electron density. At any particular pressure value, the effect of increasing RF power seems to be restricted to increasing plasma electron density rather than affecting the plasma electron temperatures. Signature of the Paschen law effect is reflected on the relation between pressure and electron plasma density.

Rainfall analysis is important in different domains such as: agricultural planning, water resources plannings, runoff prediction, climatological studies, environmental studies, stream flow estimation and human life activities. Variation of rainfall with space and time were studied in Duhok Governorate, Mean monthly, seasonal and annual values of rainfall were found in different weather stations (Duhok, Zakho, Semel, Zawaite, Sersing, Amedy and Akre station). Winter months represent about 45-55% of the total annual rainfall. The annual variability of rainfall in all these stations are high. Isoheytal method was used to estimate the mean monthly values and mean annual values of rainfall over Duhok Governorate. Simple and Multiple Regression Equation were found between rainfall and different meteorological elements.