Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the levels of TNF-α, IGF-1, IL-6, and IL-10 protein in blood samples and their potential link to bronchitis-asthma diseases in the Iraq Duhok population, highlighting the prevalence of these long-term inflammatory diseases. Methods Sixty blood samples were used and separated into patients (n = 43) and control (n = 17) groups. Serum samples were separated for each individual. Elisa method was used in terms of 4 different proteins investigated in blood samples with the manufacturer’s instruction brand kits. Results This study evaluated TNF-α, IGF-1, IL-6, and IL-10 protein levels in blood samples from asthmatic bronchitis patients in Duhok. Although these levels were elevated compared to controls, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion The differences thought to be related to the bronchitis-asthma diseases could not be demonstrated between the patient and control groups in Iraq Duhok population. Future research should explore larger sample sizes and stratified patient groups to identify potential biomarkers.

Natural compounds are the result of millions of years of evolution, natural compounds include a wide range of chemical compounds, as a result of which various medicinal compounds are obtained. Natural products have complex and diverse chemical structures. Meanwhile, the use of natural products as modifiers of biological performance has also attracted considerable attention. Global market demand for natural products is growing day by day, public health issues and safety concerns are also increasingly recognized. These products have become one of the most important sources for the development of new lead compounds and scaffolds. Natural products will be used continuously to meet the urgent need for the production of effective and useful drugs and play an important role in the production of drugs with effective compounds for the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. Many clinical studies have been conducted on the use of these compounds. In addition to what has been stated, herbal compounds are used for other diseases related to chronic inflammation such as atherosclerosis and ischemia. We hope this work will provide important knowledge for therapeutic or preventive applications of natural products in chronic inflammatory diseases. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. For reprints contact: reprint@ipinnovative.com

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a rising prevalence worldwide. It is characterized by symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Environmental factors, such as an urbanization, air pollution, and lifestyle are believed to contribute to the increasing prevalence of asthma. The Mediterranean Diet profile focuses on whole grains, good fats (fish, olive oil, nuts etc.), vegetables, fruits, fish, and very low consumption of any non-fish meat. Along with food, The Mediterranean Diet emphasizes the need to spend time eating with family and physical activity. So, it represents not only a dietary pattern but also a lifestyle. It is scientifically accepted that the Mediterranean diet is protective against chronic and inflammatory diseases. The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based diet with high antioxidant content. The primary source of fat is olive oil, and the diet is low in saturated fat. Additionally, the Mediterranean Diet is also recommended for asthma patients due to its potential positive effects on weight control. This literature review describes the positive effect of the Mediterranean Diet on improving asthma symptoms while highlighting various healthy lifestyle benefits for people with asthma.

Bronchitis, asthma, allergy and bronchialasthma diseases are very common in these years. These diseases, which have increased with the age in the past, are nowadays frequently seen from very early ages and even from infancy. In addition, the frequency of these diseases varies according to different populations. It is suggested that environmental factors, genotypic structure of individuals have special effects or additive effects in these diseases which are also associated with the immune system not working effectively. The aim of our study is to determine the expression levels in some genes that are suggested to be related to these diseases in blood samples between the patient and control groups. In this study, gene expression values performed with the RT-PCR analysis are compared between brochititis-asthma patient group and control group by using 16 gene region. According to RTPCR gene expression analysis, individuals with bronchial-asthma have had remarkable increases or decreases in some gene regions. Some of these changes were found statistically significant.

Background: Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation; and hyper-responsiveness. The prevalence of asthma is high, and both its prevalence and burden have increased over the last several decades. The study of inflammatory markers has implications for the appropriate management of this disease. Inflammatory markers has implications for the appropriate management of this disease. Objective of the study is to determine the correlation between asthma severity using pulmonary function tests with sputum eosinophilia and total serum IgE levels. Methods: This case-control study was conducted from March 2017 to September 2018 in the respiratory unit of Azadi general teaching hospital. It included 42 asthmatic patients and 18 healthy subjects. They underwent pulmonary function tests and measurement of total serum IgE levels. Induced sputum was done for asthmatic patients. Results: The age of asthmatic patients ranged from 16-70 years (mean 42±19 years). The asthmatic patient’s female: male ratio was 1.8. Mild asthma was the most common severity group (N=18, 43%) followed by moderate asthma (N=14, 33%) then severe asthma (N=10, 24%). Abnormal sputum eosinophilia (≥3%) was detected in 90% of severe asthma (N=9) compared to 36% in moderate asthma (N=5) and 5.6% in mild asthma (N=1). There was significant statistical association between asthma severity and sputum eosinophilia (p=0.00004). The association between asthma severity and total serum IgE levels was highly significant (p<0.0000) with levels of total serum IgE increasing as the severity of asthma increases. Conclusions: Severe asthma is the least common severity group in this study. Both abnormal sputum eosinophilia and total serum IgE levels are associated with the severity of asthma. Keywords: Asthma, Eosinophilia, IgE level, Sputum