Abstract: Euphemism is a concept of practical linguistics that refers to the use of attractive, beautiful and orderly words instead of inappropriate words for social, economic, political and religious reasons ...etc. Literature as one of the most important fields in which euphemisms are used to convey their main message effectively and powerfully through literary texts. Literary through paying attention to the principle of emotion Avoid unpleasant and bad words and expressions. The novel (Magical Classes) as a literary genre contains many euphemistic words and expressions in both overt and hidden forms, which reflect the thoughts and opinions of the novelist Lexical-semantic interpretation is explained, as well as the role of these words and expressions of euphemism Two main types of euphemisms (open and hidden) have been identified Obviously, the most important goals of research. Keywords: Euphemism, Novel of Magical Classes, Behavior and ethics, DisEuphemism, illegitimate relationship.

Abstract: This study, titled "Taboo in the Culture of Proverbs, The Bahdinan region as an example," is dedicated to defining and identifying taboo within Kurdish proverbs. The research is based on the hypothesis that taboo exists in Kurdish proverbs. Although the concept of taboo has been mentioned in numerous studies, taboo remains inseparable from everyday life, and people cannot avoid its use across various domains—be they social, religious, political, or psychological. Proverbs are no exception to this. Therefore, this research was undertaken to examine this subject within proverbs and to identify instances of taboo therein. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. The first section of the study is devoted to defining taboo and identifying its forms and types, as well as clarifying the role of euphemism and its relationship to taboo. The second section provides an overview of proverbs, followed by the identification of taboo in all its various forms within a selected corpus. The findings reveal that a significant number of proverbs contain taboo words and expressions, with social taboo being the most prevalent type. To avoid the direct use of such terms, Kurdish speakers resort to alternative expressions known as euphemisms. Keywords: Taboo, Culture of Proverbs, Euphemism, Definition and Identification.

Abstract: The principles of cooperation in speaking are very important for clear and effective communication between the sender and the receiver. They exist in all languages as a universal system. In literature, especially in storytelling, writers often intentionally break or alter these cooperative principles. This does not indicate a mistake in the language ; rather, it is a natural and creative way of using language. Depending on the situation, these changes can go beyond normal grammar rules to make the story more expressive and meaningful. The principles of cooperation are important in pragmatics because what people say in a conversation can have multiple meanings. There may also be a hidden meaning or purpose behind the words, which is a feature of pragmatics in language. This study follows a Statistical, descriptive and analytical approach based on Grice’s theory of cooperative principles. Its significance comes from the fact that the story collection The Old Woman’s Shroud is one of the notable literary works. In this work, breaking the rules of cooperation plays an important role in the language, giving deeper meaning and impact to how ideas are expressed. The aim of this research is to study how the four cooperative principles are broken in the short story collection, examining their types, patterns, and frequency. The main questions are: Which cooperative principle is broken the most, and which one has the greatest effect on the story’s language and meaning? Keywords: Cooperative principles, short story collection, The Old Woman’s Shroud, communication, sender and receiver.

Abstract: The research is tackled entitled “Distinguishing the Multifunctional bound Morpheme from the Portmanteau-morph in the Kurdish language”, since a hypothesis was made between them in the Kurdish language, and this study is dedicated to it. This term was mixed and used or interpreted below one phenomenon by Kurdish researchers and linguists. To know it, how to distinguish between these two terms and what is the reason that they were mixed by linguists. In order to get to know it more, to write about this title and apply the descriptive approach in it, searching to be done from the introduction and conclusion. The study is divided into four sections. In The first section, it deals with evaluating the previous researches on these two the two terms. The second section, the Multifunctional bound morpheme and its properties with the types of multifunctional at the level of bound morphemes that the restriction has been determined. The third section talks about the morph of the Portmanteau and its specificity. The fourth section distinguishes between a Multifunctional bond morpheme Pluralism and the Portmanteau morph. In the end, the study concluded that these two terms are completely different, and the main reason Its difference is due to the linguistic environment, because the Multifunctional bound morpheme can express many functions, including Inflectional and derivational in different environments. But the Portmanteau morph represents in one environment many Inflectional functions (morphemes). Keywords: Multifunctional bound Morpheme, Portmanteau Morph, Linguistic Environment, Derivational Function and Inflectional Function.