2024-12

Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture (Issue : 2) (Volume : 21)

This study evaluated the growth performance and fed utilization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed floating diets with varying protein levels across summer (JuneAugust) and winter (December-February). During these periods, fish were acclimated to temperatures of 25.3°C in summer and 18.7°C in winter. Four dietary treatments with protein levels of 30%, 28%, 26%, and 35% were tested on 900 juvenile carp per group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in daily feed consumed (DFC), total feed consumed (TFC), daily protein consumed (DPC), and total protein consumed (TPC) across treatments and seasons. Higher protein diets (28% and 35%) led to better growth in both seasons. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) were highest at 26% protein, indicating optimal protein utilization. Specific growth rate (SGR), metabolic growth rate (MGR), and condition factor (K-factor) were significantly higher with the 28% protein diet in summer, aligning with improved feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). These results highlight the importance of protein optimization for season-specific growth, driven by temperaturedependent metabolic processes, essential for sustainable carp aquaculture. Keywords: Mosul Dam, feed consumed, Cyprinus, Protein utilization

2024-11

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries (Issue : 6) (Volume : 28)

This study investigated the effects of varying salinity levels on the growth and nutritional composition of the pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) over 60-day intervals. Fish seeds (25.3g) from Tawakal Fish Hatchery were acclimated and then exposed to four salinity treatment groups: T0 (0 ppt), T1 (2 ppt), T2 (4 ppt), and T3 (6 ppt). Parameters including salinity, temperature (26.2°C), pH (8.13), and dissolved oxygen (7.32mg/ L) were monitored daily. Fish were fed a commercial diet twice daily at 5% of their body weight. Significant differences in growth parameters were observed. Initial body weight remained consistent across treatments (P> 0.05), but final body weight decreased upon increasing salinity, with significant reductions in T2 and T3 compared to T0 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Weight gain also significantly declined with higher salinity levels (P< 0.01), and feed conversion ratio increased with salinity (P< 0.01). Nutritional analysis revealed that crude protein decreased significantly with increasing salinity, while crude fat and ash content increased (P< 0.05 to P< 0.001). The study confirms that elevated salinity adversely affects growth and nutritional composition, with significant impacts indicated at higher salinity levels.

2024-11

Aquatic Science and Fish Resources (Issue : 1) (Volume : 5)

This review article effectively highlights the critical issue of microplastics, emphasizing their global prevalence and significant impact on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Categorizing microplastics into primary and secondary particles underscores the urgent need for research and action to address the growing plastic pollution crisis, as it poses severe environmental threats that demand immediate, coordinated efforts from the scientific community and policymakers alike. Micro-plastic pollution is a significant global concern that has far-reaching consequences for the environment and human activities, particularly aquatic ecosystems. Microplastics have become pervasive in all marine environments, from the surface waters to the deep ocean, even in remote regions. Their small size, lightweight nature, and colorful appearance make them highly mobile and easily dispersed by wind and water currents. They enter the ocean through rivers, runoff, and atmospheric deposition. They are easily ingested by various species, from zooplankton to large fish and marine mammals. Consequently, the production of these compound pollutants may also find its way into the food chains of aquatic life and, after an extended period of enrichment, into the human body. Furthermore, cumulative harmful effects of compound pollution on human health and the natural environment are a result. The accumulation of microplastics in their organs can disrupt physiological functions, cause behavioral changes, and impair growth and reproduction. Addressing this problem requires global cooperation and a multifaceted approach to reduce plastic production and better manage plastic waste.

2024-11

Science Journal University of Zakho (Issue : 4) (Volume : 28)

Using semi-thin sections, the present investigation examined the microscopic characteristics of the lungs of the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus). The lungs were composed of Intrapulmonary conducting airways and respiratoryfaveoli. Intrapulmonary airways originate from the terminal portion of the bronchus, which extendsinto the lung to create thebronchial tree. The bronchus was lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium composed of both ciliated and non-ciliated cells, and it was supported by plates of hyaline cartilage. The central lumen is surrounded by contractile fibersthat contain smooth muscle cell bundles and are covered by ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The central lumen communicates with thefaveoli.Separating adjacent faveoli are pulmonary trabeculae covered with various cell types, including type I pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, and pulmonary macrophages. Some substantial pulmonarybronchi were also supported by small cartilageplategranules and lined with ciliated epithelium. Type I pneumocytes were flat cells, whereas type II pneumocytes had cuboidal cells with vacuolated cytoplasm. Surface irregularityand vacuolated cytoplasm were features of pulmonary macrophages. In addition, the connective tissue of the pulmonary septa contained immune cells, such as Mast and Eosinophils. In conclusion, the microstructure of the lung of the Nile monitor closely resembles that of other reptile species. However, the distinction between intrapulmonary cartilage palates and pulmonary septa raises the concept of species differentiation. In addition, the discovery of various types of pulmonary immune cells enhancesthe Nile monitor's ability to persist in a variety of environments by enhancing its pulmonary immunity.

2024-10

Science Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 4) (Volume : 12)

n investigation was carried out to explorethe effect of salinity on the growthand flesh quality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), a significant species in global aquaculture. Fifty juvenilecatfish of weight 24.25±0.4g were collected from the Chenab River in Pakistan and acclimatized in controlled aquaculture conditions at different salinity levels NaCl (T1; 0, T2; 2, T3; 4; T4; 6, and T5; 8 ppt)over 60 days. Growth performance indicators, includingfinal weights,weight gain, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio(FCR), were measured. The statistical result indicated that the fish in lower salinity environments (0-2 ppt) exhibited significant (p < 0.05)final weights, weight gain, and growth rates, with performance declining significantly as salinity increased. The best FCR1.2±0.01was indicatedat 0 ppt, while the highest salinity (8 ppt) was revealedin the FCR 1.7±0.04. Proximate composition analysis indicatedthat crude protein and moisture content elevated with salinity while crude fat and ash content decreased. These resultssuggest that C. gariepinusthrives in slightly brackish conditions, with optimal growth at low salinity levels. However, higher salinities adversely impactphysiological health and growth performance

2024-10

Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Bio sciences (Issue : 6) (Volume : 5)

Water is sourced from various locations, including lakes, wells, artificial reservoirs, and rivers. Contamination of these sources poses a significant threat to human health, highlighting the need to monitor water quality. This study focuses on evaluating the water quality in the Duhok governorate of the Kurdistan region, Iraq, by analyzing several key physicochemical parameters: turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺). Over a period spanning from January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 1,374 water samples were collected from different sources, including reservoirs, deep wells, springs, the Duhok dam, and the water supply network within the Duhok governorate. The analysis revealed that parameters such as turbidity, pH, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Na⁺ varied significantly across the three years studied. In contrast, other parameters like TDS, EC, TAL, Cl⁻, and K⁺ showed no significant fluctuations. The results also indicated a decrease in most physicochemical parameter values in 2021 compared to 2019 and 2020, with the exception of turbidity. Overall, the majority of water samples were found to be within safe drinking limits. Ongoing monitoring of these water sources is essential to detect any variations in water quality promptly

2024-09

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries (Issue : 28) (Volume : 5)

This study evaluated how feeding the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at multiple protein levels affected their growth and body composition during the winter season. Four experimental diets with varying protein levels were tested, with protein levels of 30% (T1), 28% (T2), 26% (T3), and 35% (T4), respectively. Fish were obtained and kept in a water culture pond with dimensions of 4x4x3 meters. Fish average weight was 148.7± 5.76g, while its length measurements were recorded at 24.33± 2.45cm, fork length at 21.15± 2.34cm, and standard length at 18.96± 1.66cm. The fish were purchased from a hatchery farm in Mosul City, northern Iraq. For 90 days, the fish were fed experimental feed once daily until they reached satiation. Compared to other treatments, fish fed T2 (28% protein) showed higher daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight growth rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate. The feed diet T2 had the highest Fulton and modified condition factor, reaching 4.84± 0.14; 2.81± 0.03, whereas the highest condition factor was recorded (3.34± 0.16; 2.1± 0.03) for feed treatment T3. Feeding indicators in the feed treatment T2, such as total feed intake, daily feed consumption, and total protein productivity, were greater. The protein efficiency ratios of the fish groups fed formulations T2, T1, and T3 were recorded at 1.32± 0.004, 1.34b± 0.004, and 1.425c± 0.007%, respectively. In comparison, a significant difference was detected for the fish group consuming feed T4, with a value of 1.058d± 0.009%. For the length-weight relationships, an isometric growth (26, 35%) was recorded for T3, an allometric positive growth for T2, and a negative growth for T1.

2024-09

African Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Issue : 1) (Volume : 7)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic disorder characterized by the backflow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction. This condition causes esophageal mucosal damage, leading to symptoms such as heartburn and chest pain, and is associated with increased risks of severe complications, including esophageal adenocarcinoma. Aims To review the current state of GERD management and assess the potential of photochemical plant-based treatments as alternatives to conventional therapies. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed to describe the status of GERD in detail while focusing on the emerging role of plant-based therapies in GERD management. Results Traditional treatments for GERD are effective but often come with side effects and limitations. Plant-based treatments, particularly those with photochemical properties, are potential complementary therapies. Preliminary data suggest these alternatives may improve symptom management and patient outcomes. Conclusions While standard treatments for GERD are widely used, their limitations necessitate exploring alternative options. Photochemical plant-based therapies offer a promising, supplementary approach, pending further validation through research and clinical trials.

2024-08

Journal of Zoonotic Diseases (Issue : 2) (Volume : 8)

This review investigates the different zoonotic infections transmitted from fish to humans, focusing on microorganisms such as bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The study aims to elucidate the pathways through which these infections occur, the severity of the diseases in humans, and the clinical manifestations in fish and humans. The primary transmission methods include ingesting undercooked fish, contact with contaminated water, and exposure through open wounds. Notably, zoonotic bacteria, such as Vibrio, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, and Aeromonas, present significant health risks and economic impacts on aquaculture. Parasitic infections, such as those caused by Anisakis and liver flukes, often result from consuming raw or undercooked fish, leading to gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Viral pathogens like noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are primarily transmitted via contaminated seafood. Though less common, fungal infections can occur through direct contact with infected fish or the environment. This review emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnostic techniques for detecting zoonotic agents and highlights preventive measures to mitigate the risks. Effective management strategies include educating those in fish handling, ensuring proper cooking and handling practices, and implementing robust monitoring and quality control systems within aquaculture settings.

2024-08

Aquaculture Nutrition (Issue : 4) (Volume : 1)

The present study assessed the effects of dietary yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and costmary, Tanacetum balsamita, essential oilon growth performance, biochemical parameters, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Four diets containing1 g/kg yeast (Sc), 0.1 g/kg costmary essential oil (Tb), 1 g/kg yeast + 0.1 g/kg costmary essential oil (Sc + Tb), and without Sc and Tb(control) were formulated and fed (2.5% per day) to triplicate groups of fish (average: 9.8 g; SD : 0.12) for 8 weeks. Each replicatewas a 70-L tank, stocked with 25 fish. Then, the fish were intraperitoneally challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila, and blood sampleswere taken from the fish before and 12 hr postinfection. All experimental groups showed significantly higher growth performanceand feed efficiency, compared to the control, and the highest values were related to Sc + Tb treatment (P <0:001). Sc group showedsignificant elevations in the intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities, but Tb group showed only elevation in lipase activity.The highest amylase (P ¼ 0:026), lipase (P ¼ 0:036), and protease (P ¼ 0:009) activities were observed in Sc + Tb treatment. Thepostchallenge survival of Sc (70.0%), Tb (73.3%), and Sc + Tb (76.6%) treatments were significantly (P ¼ 0:038) higher than thecontrol (56.6%). Bacterial challenge significantly increased plasma cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, andsuperoxide dismutase, but decreased lysozyme, alternative complement, albumin, globulin, and catalase (P <0:001). The Tbtreatment showed improvements in plasma antioxidant, immunological, and biochemical parameters, compared to the Sc treat-ment. The Sc + Tb treatment showed the highest albumin, globulin, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin, alternative complement,glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, but the lowest cortisol, glucose, malondialdehyde, and catalase, before/after thechallenge (P <0:001). In conclusion, dietary Sc + Tb supplementation positively affects growth performance, antioxidant, andimmunological responses, thereby augments resistance of Nile tilapia to A. hydrophila infection

2024-08

Science Journal University of Zakho (Issue : 3) (Volume : 12)

The aim of the present study was to assess if pre-exposure to water copper and/or polyvinyl chloride microparticles affects the transcriptional responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to saltwater exposure. Fish were exposed to 0.25 mg/L copper alone (Cu) or in the presence of 0.5 mg/L polyvinyl chloride microparticles (Cu-MPVC) for 14 days, followed by 72 hours of salt water exposure (0 to 13 ppt NaCl). The copper content in the gills and the expression of heat shock protein (hsp70) and cytochrome P450 family 1 (cyp1a) transcripts were examined. The results showed that gill copper levels increased significantly (P = 0.008) in the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments after 14 days of exposure, compared to the control fish; the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments had similar gill copper levels. After 14 days of exposure, branchial expression of the hsp70 and cyp1a genes was significantly up-regulated in the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments. Exposure to salt water led to a significant down-regulation of the gene transcripts in all treatments after 24 h of exposure. At this point, the Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments showed transcripts similar to those of the control fish prior to saltwater exposure. The fish treated with Cu-MPVC showed significantly higher hsp70expression 72 h after saltwater exposure than the other treatments. At this time point, the control and Cu fish had significantly lower cyp1aexpression than before saltwater exposure. In conclusion, the present data suggest that copper exposure induces stress in the fish gills, and thepresence of MPCV in the water hampers normal transcriptomic responses of the fish gills to saltwater exposure

2024-07

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics (Issue : 1) (Volume : 82)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic technique that uses powerful magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the human body. The aim of this study is to investigate to how static magnetic fields (SMF) affect the levels of trace elements and biochemical parameters in MRI staff’ blood serum. This study examines the impacts of these exposures of 18 participants (9 males and 9 females) aged between 25 and 60.on the levels of trace elements in the blood serum and the biochemical parameters of the MRI staff at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok and Zakho General Hospital-Bidari in Zakho City. Eighteen participants, consisting of nine males and nine females aged between 25 and 60, were selected from these hospitals. The researchers obtained blood samples and conducted analysis to determine the presence of trace elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as well as numerous biochemical markers. The results showed that potassium and calcium levels increased with age, and older females had considerable deviations. Chloride levels exhibited a significant increase with age in both males and females. Glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels showed an increase with age, suggesting the possible damage to kidney function caused by continuous exposure to MRI. Increased levels of liver enzymes (GPT, GOT, ALP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were noticed, particularly in older females, indicating potential liver and thyroid dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of applying strict safety protocols and conducting regular health assessments for MRI personnel to minimize the possible hazards.

2024-06

Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Issue : 1) (Volume : 47)

Squalene (SQ) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon compound found abundantly in various sources, including shark liver, olive, and plant oils. SQ plays a pivotal role as a precursor molecule in humans and animals in synthesizing vitamins, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, maintaining healthy skin, and protecting against UV radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In the realm of medicine, SQ has emerged as a promising adjuvant in vaccines. Its role in enhancing immune responses has been studied extensively, contributing to the efficacy of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. SQ has been confirmed to possess strong anti-tumor activity and inhibitory features against the development of cancer. Because of this, it is frequently used as a supplementary treatment for many forms of cancer. Intriguing and hopeful are the epidemiologic and laboratory studies looking into SQ's anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, SQ's stability during storage and technological processes adds to its appeal as a dietary supplement and functional ingredient in various food products. Additionally, as research progresses, the understanding of SQ's safety and efficacy continues to expand, providing a solid foundation for exploring its potential in various applications. This article study focuses on exploring the multifaceted uses of SQ in medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition.

2024-06

Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences (Issue : 3) (Volume : 6)

Abstract: Eruca sativa (E. sativa), commonly known as arugula, salad arugula, or simply arugula, is an annual plant species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. This leafy vegetable is widely cultivated for its edible leaves, characterized by a distinctive peppery flavor. The seeds are used for their rich fatty acid oils. This botanical specimen has been incorporated into various forms of traditional medicinal practices such as anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, digestive, aphrodisiac, and rubefacient effects. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and flavonoids. This vegetable's broad therapeutic potential and diverse components are under ongoing research, enhancing our understanding of its medicinal properties. This review explores the phytochemical components of E. sativa and its efficacy in treating various diseases, offering a summary of its medicinal properties. Furthermore, it emphasizes the plant's importance in human health and suggests potential directions for future research in natural medicine. Keywords: Eruca Sativa, Arugula, Phytochemical Composition, Disease Prevention, Disease Treatment.

2024-04

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries (Issue : 2) (Volume : 28)

An investigation was carried out to explore the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization efficiency, condition factor, and lengthweight relationships in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). 3600 C. carpio were sourced from a Mosul fish hatchery and transported to a private farm in Khanki township, where they were divided into four groups of 900 each. Following a day of acclimation, the fish were placed in 4× 4× 3m water culture ponds and fed diets with different protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T2: 28%, T3: 30%, and T4: 35%) for 90 days. From each group, twenty fish were selected for data collection. Results indicated that the growth parameters, such as daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight gain rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate, were higher in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T1) compared to other protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T3: 26%, and T4: 35%). Nutrient utilization parameters, including daily feed consumption, total feed consumption, daily protein consumption, and total protein consumption, were elevated in fish fed with 35% protein (T3). T2 exhibited a significantly higher feed efficiency ratio and protein productive value compared to other diets. The feed conversion ratio was markedly decreased in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T2). Fulton condition factor and modified condition factor were significantly elevated (P< 0.05) with a 28% protein diet (T2), while the relative condition factor decreased. The length- weight relationships indicated isometric growth in T3 (26, 35%), allometric positive growth in T2 (28%), and negative growth in T1 (30%). In conclusion, the study highlighted the superior growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency in common carp when fed a 28% protein diet (T2).

2024-01

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences D histology and histochemistry (Issue : 16) (Volume : 1)

The study aimed to investigate the effects of arsenate (As) exposure on body weight, and kidney enzymes activities, assess histopathological changes in this tissue, and explore the potential protective role of spirulina (Sp) in reducing the harmful impacts of (As) on kidney health. The research utilized forty-eight female Wistar rats and divided them into six groups, including a control group that fed a normal diet and distilled water, the second group the rat treated with a 5mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenate-only group, the group three and four the rats treated with spirulina at different doses (300mg and 600mg), and the last group treated with combined (As) and (Sp) treatments. After four weeks of the experiment, the kidney was collected for enzyme analysis and histological examination. The results showed that As exposure decreased body weight (BW) compared to the control group, while (Sp) supplementation partially improved body weight. Arsenate exposure significantly increased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in kidney tissues. However, spirulina supplementation at different doses reduced the enzyme levels, albeit statistically not significantly. The histological examination revealed As exposure resulted in necrosis, congestion, leukocyte infiltration, glomerular atrophy, and fibrosis, while Sp supplementation showed limited effects on reducing these changes. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the toxic effects of As and suggests that Sp supplementation may offer some protection against its harmful impacts on kidney health.

2023-12

Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences (Issue : 3) (Volume : 55)

Arsenic (As), a notorious human poison, originates from natural sources. The rising presence of arsenic pollution in groundwater, used for irrigation, human consumption, and industry, has become a major public health concern. This study aimed to assess Spirulina's impact on hematological and lipid parameters in rats exposed to arsenate. Forty-eight female rats were categorized into six groups: a control group with a standard diet, a group receiving 5mg/kg sodium arsenate (As), two groups taking 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg Spirulina (Sp), and two groups combining As and Sp at the same doses. After 28 days, blood samples were collected after an overnight fast and anesthesia for hematological and lipid profile tests. As exposure led to a significant reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and an increase in white blood cell count (WBCs). However, red blood cell (RBC) parameters, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), showed minor non-significant changes. Conversely, treatment with 300mg/kg or 600mg/kg Spirulina resulted in slight increases in RBC parameters, with a notable PCV increase in the 600mg/kg group. Furthermore, As exposure elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, while reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, Sp supplementation at 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg levels restored these lipid parameters to levels similar to the control group, suggesting Spirulina's potential to alleviate arsenic-induced adverse effects on hematological and lipid parameters in rats.

2023-11

Journal of Zoonotic Diseases (Issue : 4) (Volume : 7)

Abstract The disease Leishmaniasis is a neglected illness with two major forms clinically including cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. From almost 100 endemic countries, an estimated one million additional records of leishmaniasis each year are documented. In the past decade, the number of confirmed cases of visceral leishmaniasis has decreased dramatically as a consequence of an improved approach to diagnosis and care and more intensive, though usual cycles may play a role in the severity of disease transmission. In the cutaneous form of leishmania disease (CL), the lesion is located in some parts like the face and arms. Whereas a visceral form of leishmania (VL) disease the parasite infects internal organs such as the liver and pancreas. Reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) record leishmaniasis as one of the ignored temperate disorders for which the improvement of novel therapies is required. Significant evidence gaps remain, and new methods are required before leishmaniasis can be definitively managed. Recent advances in our understanding of leishmaniasis and its clinical manifestations, as well as the immunological aspects of leishmaniasis, are the key objectives of this study.

2023-08

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences D. Histology & Histochemistry (Issue : 2) (Volume : 15)

Background: Arsenic (As) contributes to metabolic disorders, including diabetes, and disrupts the functions of multiple systems, leading to associated diseases and dysfunctions. This study aims to investigate the effects of Arsenic on plasma and liver enzymes, assess liver tissue histopathological changes, and explore spirulina's potential protective role against As-induced liver damage. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats were divided into six groups, including control, sodium arsenate-only (5mg/kg body weight), Sp-only (300mg and 600mg), and combined As and Sp treatment groups. Plasma and liver samples were collected after four weeks of treatment for enzyme analysis, and part of the liver tissues were examined histologically. Results: Arsenic exposure significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels in plasma and liver. However, Sp supplementation at different doses showed a reduction in enzyme levels, although not statistically significant. Histological examination revealed liver damage in the As-exposed group, including congestion, leukocyte infiltration, and endothelium detachment. Sp supplementation partially attenuated these changes. Conclusion: This study enhances understanding of As's toxic effects and suggests that Sp supplementation may offer some protection against As induced liver damage. Recommendation: To improve the findings, additional parameters such as oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, and liver function tests should be incorporated. These measurements will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of arsenate exposure.

2023-07

Egyptian journal of veterinary sciences (Issue : 3) (Volume : 54)

This research was done to find the effect of spirulina (Arthospira platensis) on some physicochemical parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with an initial body weight of 510.3±7.02g were collected from a private farm in Khank Township, Sumeel District, Duhok Government, Iraq. Fish were separated into two groups (twenty fish in each group), the carp in the first group fed on pellets alone while the second fish group fed on pellets with 10 mg/kg spirulina for 90 days. Results; there was no significant change of morphological parameters in fish feeding with commercial spirulina pellets compared with control fish group. In contrast, a significantly increases in the average daily and total gain, the specific growth rate and the condition factor in the fish fed commercial pellets with spirulina compared with control fish. Regarding the complete blood pictures, a significantly higher of the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit observed in spirulina fish compared with the first group while a significant decreases of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in fish feds commercial pellets with spirulina. Furthermore, highly significant differences were seen among lipid profile parameters with exception of significantly reduce of low-density lipoprotein in fish fed diets with spirulina. Moreover, significant increases levels of the total protein and globulin were observed in spirulina fish compared with the first group while a reduction of albumin level was noted. In addition, a significant reduction of the level serum enzyme activities of fish fed with commercial pellets with spirulina compared with the control fish. This study concludes that the diet with spirulina supplementation has a crucial roles in growing performances and hematological and biochemical parameters in fish.

2023-07

Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences (Issue : 4) (Volume : 54)

P53 is a 393 residue protein in humans made up of five proposed domains, with which the central DNA binding domain with 100-300 sequences very important for the direct binding of p53 in the promoters of its target genes to specific response elements. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene with cellular stress like oxygen deficiency, oxidative stress, radiation and carcinogens substances, is stimulated has major roles in translational regulation and feedback processes. A wide assortment of harm signals that relate a stability, post-translational alteration and recruitment of p53 to binding sites in chromatin which activate the p53 pathway. As a transcriptional activation, p53 mediates transcriptional changes which facilitate cell death, senescence or reversing and protective arrest of the cell cycle. P53 is a protein under intense investigation because it is necessary to prevent tumor, in human tumors have been found to deregulation of p53 activity. On this article study focuses the mechanism of suppressive p53 effects in the response to any stress and correlation of the mutation p53 with different tumor.

2023-06

Caspian Journal of Reproductive Medicine (Issue : 2) (Volume : 9)

Abstract Background: Epithelial ovarian carcinomas represent a diverse category of neoplasms, including clear cell, endometrioid, serous, and mucinous subtypes. Often diagnosed at advanced stages, these carcinomas exhibit distinct biological characteristics and varying responses to treatment. Histologic diagnosis of these subtypes can be challenging due to overlapping morphological features. Methods: This review synthesizes current literature on the use of specific markers for the detection and differentiation of epithelial ovarian cancer subtypes. The focus is on insights gained from histological and histopathological analyses. Results: The review highlights the importance of antigen-antibody reaction-based techniques in identifying epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Key markers, including SATB2, CK67, HNF1B, PAX8, P53, P16, ER, and PR, play crucial roles in tumor detection, differential diagnosis, and understanding pathogenesis. These markers form a panel for the effective diagnosis and characterization of epithelial ovarian cancer. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) significantly enhances the histological diagnosis of gynecological diseases. The molecular revolution has improved the understanding of gynecological cancers, with immunohistochemistry techniques advancing the identification and characterization of epithelial ovarian carcinomas. This progress includes insights into tumor aggressiveness and the potential efficacy of targeted therapies.

2023-01

international journal of occupational safety and health (Issue : 1) (Volume : 13)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The rapid and recent rise in the pandemic of cardiovascular disease im-plies that the environment plays a significant role. Numerous biological systems, such as the cardiovascular, blood-forming organs, liver, and kidneys, can be affected by gas-oline and smoking. Because filling station employees, repair service workers, gasoline truck drivers, and refinery workers are all at a greater risk of being exposed to gasoline fumes. Even though gasoline and smoking have been investigated for so many years, few studies have looked into the effects of gasoline exposure combined with smoking on a variety of physiological mechanisms. As a result, we propose that combining gas-oline exposure with smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and impaired hepatic function.

2020-12

LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA (Issue : 1)

Now the election is inescapable in our community. Today elections increase social and environmental troubles such as noise pollution, water pollution, air and soil pollution, health hazard and inimical socioeconomic impact. During the election days, Duhok city is exposed to a high levels of noise pollution coming from private cars, public transports, trumpeting, drumming, shriek, pyrotechnics, etc. It is well-known noise pollution as one pollutant sources that could affect the quality of life across the globe. In this work we have monitored the noise levels in different places of Duhok town. Using a Digital Sound Level Meter (model SL-200), we made a preliminary assessment of noise levels per election, and the data were compared with post-election days. The data were collected during the period (10th Augst to 10th October 2018) from (08.00am to 12.00pm) at 12 different sites within Duhok city. In most areas, the noise was ranging between 60 to 65 dB with an average of 66.03 dB in the mornings, 71.9 dB in the afternoon and 80.29 dB in the evening during the election period while 63.8, 65.98 and 72.2 dB, 63.55, 66.73 and 74.47 dB were average levels in the morning, afternoon and evening of pre and post elections, respectively. The lowest values of noise were recorded at evenings and it was as follows, 58.5 dB at site 3 in pre-election, 61.3 dB at site 3 in election and 60.6 dB at site 2 at the postelection. This study may help to publicize awareness about noise pollution among the people, by which they will be capable to take required precautionary measures to salvage themselves from the adverse effects of noise pollution and to enhance the quality of the environment.

2019-09

SJUOZ (Issue : 3) (Volume : 7)

ABSTRACT:2-Hydroxy Chalcone and its derivatives (compounds 1and 2) were used in a toxicity test on the larvae and adults of confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Du Val). Mortality tests were done by applying different concentrations (0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ppm) on2-Hydroxy Chalcone and its derivatives whichwere exposed by topical application with 5 μL of each compound and the data wererecorded after 24 h of treatments. The mortality % of[7-Hydroxy-9-(pyridine-4-yl)-6H-benzo[C]chromen-6-one]in(compound 2) were 26.6, 50 and 76.67% and 16.67, 36.67and 63.3% and 13.3, 23.3 and 36.6 % to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. While in[ 3-thinyl-1-(2-hydroxynaphthyl) -1-propene] (compound 1), the mortality % were 23.3, 40 and 66.6% and 13.3, 30and 56.6% and 6.6, 16.6 and 26.6 % to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. The results indicated that (comp.2) was the most toxic one and (comp.1) was the least toxic to confusedflour beetle when applied singly. The calculated LC50 values to (compound 2) were 0.019, 0.028 and 0.074 ppm to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. While to (compound 1), the LC50 valueswere 0.025, 0.034 and 0.106 ppm to 3rd, 5th instar larvae and adults, respectively. The order of toxicity of the chemical compounds was 2 > 1. These chemical compounds can be used to control confused flour beetle

2019-08

Animals (MDPI) (Issue : 9) (Volume : 9)

Taurine (Tau) is an amino sulfonic acid, which is widely distributed in animal tissues, whereas it is almost lacking in plants with the exception of certain algae, seaweeds, and few others. In the aquafeed industry, Tau is mainly used as a feed additive to promote growth in marine fish species with limited cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase activity. In particular, Tau supplementation is required in feeds in which fishmeal (FM) is substituted with high percentages of plant-derived protein sources such as soybean meals (SBM) that have much lower levels of Tau than FM. In addition to being a growth promoter, Tau exert powerful antioxidant properties being a scavenger of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under sustained swimming conditions, an intracellular increase in ROS production can occur in fish red muscle where the abundance of mitochondria (the main site of ROS formation) is high. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the effects of dietary Tau on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) growth and oxidative stress response induced by swimming exercise. Individually tagged fish of 92.57 ± 20.33 g mean initial weight were fed two experimental diets containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM. One diet was supplemented with 1.5% of Tau. Tau supplemented in the diet had a positive effect on fish growth, and enhanced swimming performance and antioxidant status. Two swim endurance tests were performed during the feeding trial. Metabolic oxygen consumption (MO2) was measured during exercise at incremental swimming speeds (0.7, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, and then 4.2 BL (body length) s−1, until fatigue). Fish maximal sustainable swimming speed (Ucrit) was determined too. To investigate the antioxidant effect of dietary Tau, we also measured ROS production in fish blood by RBA (respiratory burst activity) assay and quantified the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) , such as SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPX (glutathione peroxidase), and CAT (catalase) in red muscle and liver. There was a significant effect of Tau upon Ucrit during exercise. Additionally, ROS production was significantly lower in fish fed with Tau supplemented diet, supporting the role of Tau as ROS scavenger. The protective effect of Tau against oxidative stress induced by forced swimming was denoted also by a significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes gene expression in fish liver and muscle. Taken together these results demonstrate that Tau is beneficial in low FM-based diets for seabass.

2013-11

Science Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 1) (Volume : 1)

ABSTRACTThe present work was designed to study the effect of omega-3 and multivitamins on aluminum-induced changes in some tissue enzymeslevel in male albino rats. Forthe present work,seventy adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups; fed on normal diet and treated as follows: Controlgroup1supplied with tap water. Group 2 supplied with 0.2 ml/rat of the vehicle (oil). Group 3 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution. Group 4 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and dilutedacetic acid solution (0.5 %). Group 5 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rataluminum solution and omega-3. Group 6 supplied orally with0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and multivitamins. Group 7 supplied orally with 0.2 ml/rat aluminum solution and both antioxidants, omega-3 and multivitamins. After treating the animals with thetested materials daily for 30 days,the activities of serum alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), acid Phosphatase(ACP), AlanineTransaminase (ALT) and AspartateTransaminase (AST)were increased while their activities inliver and brain tissues were significantly decreased.The toxicity of Aluminumwas enhanced in the presence of acid as indicated by further changes in the levels of above parameters as compared with those of Al treated animals. The toxic effect of Al,in the presence of antioxidants such as omega-3 and multivitamins,was comparatively reduced and the studied parameters showed tendencies to change toward the normal levels. Thus, animals treated with Al in the presence of above antioxidants showed slight decreases in the activities of tissues ALP, ACP, ALTandAST. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the toxic effect of Al in the presence of acid was enhanced, whereas its toxicity was greatly reduced in the presence of the antioxidants such asomega