2022-06

Academic Journal of Nawroz University (AJNU) (Volume : 11)

The prevalence of ESBLs producing Enterobacteriaceae are increasing locally and globally. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing urinary tract infection and to assess the prevalence of ESBL genes among isolates. A total of 454 urine specimens were collected from outpatients with UTIs from two major hospitals in Zakho city, the Zakho General hospital and Emergency hospital. The enterobacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic and conventional biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated organisms was determined using the disk diffusion method, and ESBL production was detected by a double-disk synergy test. The suspected ESBL producers were further confirmed by the amplification of specific primers using PCR assay. Out of 454 specimens, 239 enterobacterial isolates were identified. The most common detected isolates and their rates were: Escherichia coli (65.20 %) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.49 %). Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic used while; amoxicillin and ampicillin were the most resistant. The highest level of ESBL production was determined among E. coli isolates (66.3 %) followed by K. pneumoniae (30.43%). The predominant detected genes were both CTX-M and SHV equally with a rate of 90.16% followed by TEM (34.43%). In conclusion, members of Enterobacteriaceae particularly, E. coli and K. pneumoniae are the predominant species causing UTIs. Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic. ESBL producers were high among isolates that were mediated by CTX-M, SHV, and less TEM genes due to the absence of restrictions on antibiotic uses, in addition to their abuse and overuse.

2021-01

Baghdad Science Journal (Issue : 2) (Volume : 18)

Pigeons have accompanied humans since ancient time because they are used as a source of food, pets, hobby, and religious symbols. Pigeons have shown high prevalence rate of infection with gastrointestinal helminths and protozoan. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infections in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) from October, 2017 to April, 2018, purchased from bird market of Zakho City, Kurdistan region. The samples were taken from 50 adult pigeons (28 males and 22 females). The birds were transferred to Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Zakho University. In the laboratory, each bird was sacrificed and immediately the feather and skin of under wings, chest and the rest of the body was examined for ectoparasites. The collected ectoparasites were preserved in 70% alcohol for further study. The sacrificed birds were dissected and their intestine and contained were examined for the presence of parasites. The results revealed a total rate of 76% of infection with ectoparasites, which included three species of lice, namely: Columbicola columbae (56%), Companulotes compar (36%) and Hohorstiella lata (10%). Regarding helminths, cestodes were the only helminths found in this study with a rate of 16% (8/50). Three species of cestodes were recorded, they included: Raillietina cesticillus(14%), Raillietina echinobothrida(4%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (2%). Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of the recovered parasites on this host and their transmission to other poultry flocks and human