2024-12

Heliyon (Issue : 24) (Volume : 10)

Groundwater contamination with fluoride is a considerable public health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. The rapid growth of urbanization has led to increase in groundwater contamination. The health risk assessment focuses on both acute and chronic health consequences as it investigates the extent and effects of fluoride exposure through contaminated groundwater. Fluoride exposure, especially in endemic locations, has serious health consequences, including dental and skeletal fluorosis. An accurate assessment of these hazards is essential for public health planning and mitigation actions. The present study uses Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to perform a Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment on populations in fluoride-endemic areas. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.58 to 3.80 mg/L with an average of 2.30 mg/L across the Kasganj district, which was higher than permissible limits given by BIS and WHO. The highest value of hazard quotient of 3.29 for Children is found to be in the Durga Colony area, while the lowest value of the hazard quotient of 0.31 for adults is found to be in the Nadrai Gate area. The assessment of health risks revealed a high probability of non-carcinogenic disease from the consumption of groundwater containing fluoride. The ANN model has the R2 value of 0.9989 in training and 0.9870 in testing while RMSE value in training and testing was 0.02230 and 0.0267. The findings suggest that before being used, the groundwater in Kasganj, Uttar Pradesh, India, needs to be treated and made drinkable. The results emphasize the critical need for ongoing monitoring, public education initiatives, and implementing feasible mitigating techniques to lower fluoride exposure. The findings show that this hybrid model is excellent at addressing the numerous uncertainties associated with fluoride use, hence improving the reliability of health risk estimates in fluoride-endemic locations. The results offer vital information to help policymakers and local health officials create focused measures to safeguard public health in Kasganj.

2024-12

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (Volume : 287)

The prevalent presence of naphthalene contamination in aquatic ecosystems is a significant concern due to its carcinogenic and priority pollutant properties. This study focuses on the synthesis of magnetized chitosan/alginate/pomegranate peel extract nanocomposites (Fe3O4/PPE/Cs-Alg), was characterized by Zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results predicted that the successfully synthesis of Fe3O4/PPE/Cs-Alg. The study evaluates the efficacy of the nanocomposite in naphthalene removal, considering operational parameters like pH, varied initial naphthalene concentrations, nanocomposite doses and contact time . The maximum adsorption capacities of naphthalene optimal conditions were 88.12 mg/g for 50 ppm initial naphthalene concentration. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Sips isotherms were applied to analyze the experimental equilibrium data. The Sips isotherm was identified as the most suitable model, as evidenced by the highest (R2 = 0.97), Also, the adsorption data conformed well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.99). The thermodynamic study showed positive values for ΔH° and ΔS° throughout the adsorption process respectively, implying an endothermic behavior. Therefore, we found that it can significantly remove naphthalene in aqueous environments and hence could be useful for cleaning up the environment from Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon.

2024-11

International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review (IJASER) (Issue : 6) (Volume : 5)

Thermal pollution, primarily caused by industrial discharges and power plants, significantly impacts both environmental and human health. This review explores the sources, ecological consequences, and emerging concerns regarding human health linked to thermal pollution. Power plants, particularly nuclear and coal-fired, release heated water into natural bodies, disrupting aquatic ecosystems by altering species composition, increasing metabolic rates, and reducing dissolved oxygen levels, which are vital for aquatic life. Urbanization, stormwater runoff, and deforestation exacerbate this issue by increasing surface temperatures and contributing to the degradation of aquatic habitats. Furthermore, climate change intensifies thermal pollution, compounding its environmental effects. This review also investigates the lesser-explored human health implications of thermal pollution, particularly through the contamination of water supplies and disruption of aquatic resources. While much research focuses on ecological impacts, there is a growing need for studies addressing how thermal pollution indirectly affects human populations, such as through compromised food chains and degraded water quality. Mitigation strategies, including cooling towers, green infrastructure, and riparian buffer restoration, offer potential solutions. However, the review highlights significant gaps in understanding the full scope of thermal pollution’s effects on human health and emphasizes the need for future interdisciplinary research to bridge these gaps..

2024-11

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) (Issue : 11) (Volume : 10)

Noise pollution is a pervasive environmental issue with significant adverse effects on human health. This abstract explores the impact of noise pollution on both physical and mental well-being, emphasizing its role in increasing risks for cardiovascular diseases, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairments. Vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, are particularly affected by high noise levels, which exacerbate stress, anxiety, and depression, and impair cognitive development in children. The economic implications of noise pollution are considerable, with substantial costs associated with healthcare and productivity losses, as well as negative effects on community cohesion and quality of life. Effective noise management is essential, requiring robust regulations, improved urban planning, and heightened public awareness. Further research is needed to understand the long-term health impacts, refine noise reduction technologies, and assess effects on specific populations. Interdisciplinary studies will be crucial in developing comprehensive strategies to mitigate the health impacts of noise pollution.

2024-11

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences (GSCBPS) (Issue : 02) (Volume : 29)

The proliferation of cellular communication towers, driven by the rapid advancement of wireless technologies like 4G and 5G, has raised significant public health concerns regarding the potential effects of long-term exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR). This review explores the implications of RF radiation emitted by these towers, which is classified as non-ionizing and typically associated with thermal effects, albeit at levels considered safe by major health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Key topics addressed include the mechanisms of RF radiation interaction with biological systems, public concerns about health effects including cancer risks, neurological impacts, reproductive health, and the controversial condition known as electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). While numerous studies suggest that RF exposure does not lead to significant adverse health outcomes at permissible levels, evidence regarding potential non-thermal effects, such as oxidative stress and changes in cell signaling, remains inconclusive. The review emphasizes the need for further research into the long-term effects of RF radiation, particularly with the expansion of 5G technology, and considers the regulatory frameworks established to ensure public safety. The conclusion highlights a cautious approach, advocating for ongoing scientific inquiry and the application of the precautionary principle, especially concerning vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women.

2024-10

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology (Issue : 10) (Volume : 23)

Light pollution, the presence of excessive or misdirected artificial light, has become a growing concern due to its adverse impacts on both human health and the environment. This review explores the multifaceted issue of light pollution, starting with an overview of its various forms sky glow, glare, and light trespass—and how urbanization and industrialization have exacerbated these problems. The review examines key sources of light pollution, including streetlights, commercial signage, and residential lighting, and discusses their contributions to environmental degradation and health issues. The environmental impacts of light pollution are significant, affecting nocturnal wildlife by disrupting natural behaviors and ecological interactions, and altering plant growth and reproduction. The review details how artificial light interferes with natural cycles, including circadian rhythms, and the resultant effects on animal and plant life. From a human health perspective, the review highlights how light pollution disrupts circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disorders, increased stress, and mood disorders. It addresses the psychological and cognitive effects of disrupted sleep, including impaired attention, memory, and executive function. Additionally, the review outlines the links between chronic light exposure and increased risks of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. Mitigation strategies, including improved outdoor lighting design and public awareness initiatives, are discussed as essential measures to address light pollution. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the sources, effects, and potential solutions, this review underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to protect both human health and the natural environment from the detrimental effects of light pollution.

2024-10

Minerals (Issue : 10) (Volume : 14)

Mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) is crucial for efficient mineral exploration, where prospective zones are identified in a cost-effective manner. This study focuses on generating prospectivity maps for hydrothermal polymetallic mineralization in the Feizabad area, in northeastern Iran, using unsupervised anomaly detection methods, i.e., isolation forest (IForest) and deep isolation forest (DIF) algorithms. As mineralization events are rare and complex, traditional approaches continue to encounter difficulties, despite advances in MPM. In this respect, unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms, which do not rely on ground truth samples, offer a suitable solution. Here, we compile geospatial datasets on the Feizabad area, which is known for its polymetallic mineralization showings. Fourteen evidence layers were created, based on the geology and mineralization characteristics of the area. Both the IForest and DIF algorithms were employed to identify areas with high mineralization potential. The DIF, which uses neural networks to handle non-linear relationships in high-dimensional data, outperformed the traditional decision tree-based IForest algorithm. The results, evaluated through a success rate curve, demonstrated that the DIF provided more accurate prospectivity maps, effectively capturing complex, non-linear relationships. This highlights the DIF algorithm’s suitability for MPM, offering significant advantages over the IForest algorithm. The present study concludes that the DIF algorithm, and similar unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms, are highly effective for MPM, making them valuable tools for both brownfield and greenfield exploration.

2024-10

International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies (Issue : 5) (Volume : 4)

This study investigates the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated by transportation and power generation in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The research highlights the alarming levels of CO2 emissions resulting from the region's 270,315 vehicles and 1,814 private electric power generators, which consume approximately 1,500,000 liters of gasoline and 650,000 liters of diesel daily. These activities contribute to a total daily CO2 emission of 1,741,188 kg, amounting to over 626,827,680 kg annually. The findings reveal the significant environmental and public health threats posed by these emissions, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted mitigation strategies. Comparisons with other urban regions such as Cairo, Tehran, New Delhi, Lagos, and Nairobi reveal a similar pattern of high vehicular and generator-induced CO2 emissions, underscoring the global nature of this environmental challenge. The study underscores the importance of addressing CO2 emissions through improved regulations, modernized infrastructure, and sustainable energy practices to protect both the environment and public health.

2024-10

Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews (Issue : 4) (Volume : 7)

The likelihood of toxic gases occurring within a specific timeframe and location determines the likelihood of the event. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the effects of hazardous gases on human health. Hazardous gas releases can tragically occur as a result of industrial accidents, natural disasters, or terrorist attacks in inhabited regions. The literature introduces several modeling methods and approaches to both prevent and assess the effects of these disasters. These tools are invaluable resources for risk managers evaluating the risks associated with vulnerable areas. Although risk assessments for toxic gas dispersion have significantly improved, they often do not account for people's movements and behavior during emergencies. To enhance the accuracy of risk assessments for disasters involving toxic gases, this study proposes a method that considers both gas dispersion modeling and evacuation dynamics. Identifying effective methods for reducing toxic gas pollution and its adverse effects on the environment and human health is crucial. Toxic gases can harm nearly every organ and system in the body. Additionally, we discuss various corrective measures to mitigate their toxicity.

2024-09

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews (Issue : 3) (Volume : 20)

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

2024-08

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews (Issue : 2) (Volume : 20)

Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that decreases plant growth and productivity in many parts of the world due to increased use of poor-quality water for irrigation and soil salinization. Salinity stress negatively impacts agricultural yields globally, affecting production for both subsistence and financial gain. Salt stress affects every aspect of crop growth, inhibiting plant growth and reducing the fresh and dry weight of roots, stems, and leaves. It also decreases leaf expansion and alters leaf morphology. Additionally, salt stress represses photosynthesis and disrupts plant ion homeostasis, leading to metabolic imbalances and oxidative stress. The adaptation or resistance of plants to salinity stress involves complex physiological features, metabolic pathways, and networks of molecules or genes. To develop salt-tolerant plant varieties for salt-affected areas, a comprehensive understanding of plant responses to salinity stress at various levels and an integrated approach combining molecular, physiological, and biochemical techniques are necessary. Recent research has identified many adaptive responses to salinity stress at genetic, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels. However, the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance are still not fully understood. In this review, we investigate the damage caused to plants by environmental salt stress and explore how plants tolerate this stress at the molecular level.

2024-04

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries (Issue : 2) (Volume : 28)

An investigation was carried out to explore the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization efficiency, condition factor, and length-weight relationships in common carp (Cyprinus Carpio). 3600 C. carpio were sourced from a Mosul fish hatchery and transported to a private farm in Khanki township, where they were divided into four groups of 900 each. Following a day of acclimation, the fish were placed in 4× 4× 3m water culture ponds and fed diets with different protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T2: 28%, T3: 30%, and T4: 35%) for 90 days. From each group, twenty fish were selected for data collection. Results indicated that the growth parameters, such as daily weight gain, total weight gain, weight gain rate, relative growth rate, metabolic growth rate, and specific growth rate, were higher in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T1) compared to other protein concentrations (T1: 30%, T3: 26%, and T4: 35%). Nutrient utilization parameters, including daily feed consumption, total feed consumption, daily protein consumption, and total protein consumption, were elevated in fish fed with 35% protein (T3). T2 exhibited a significantly higher feed efficiency ratio and protein productive value compared to other diets. The feed conversion ratio was markedly decreased in fish fed a 28% protein diet (T2). Fulton condition factor and modified condition factor were significantly elevated (P< 0.05) with a 28% protein diet (T2), while the relative condition factor decreased. The length- weight relationships indicated isometric growth in T3 (26, 35%), allometric positive growth in T2 (28%), and negative growth in T1 (30%). In conclusion, the study highlighted the superior growth performance and nutrient utilization efficiency in common carp when fed a 28% protein diet (T2).

2024-02

World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences (Issue : 1) (Volume : 11)

Biomedical waste has the potential to be hazardous and cause environmental pollution, therefore its proper management and disposal, especially in hospitals and healthcare facilities, plays an important role in protecting both the environment and public health. Biomedical waste encompasses a diverse array of materials originating from patient care, research activities, and medical interventions, and inadequate handling poses significant hazards. Common disposal methods, such as incineration, have been associated with environmental contamination and the emission of harmful fumes. Biomedical waste poses health risks through the spread of infectious diseases, particularly via sharps injuries, and the release of toxic compounds into the environment. The hazardous category includes infectious, potentially hazardous, and radioactive waste, with around 10% of hospital waste deemed infectious according to the World Health Organization. Various disposal techniques, including burning, autoclaving, microwaving, shredding, landfilling, and chemical treatments, are employed globally, each with its own benefits and limitations. In this review, a classification of the various categories of biomedical waste and its effects, treatment and disposal methods are discussed. In summary, the substantial impact of biomedical waste on the environment and public health necessitates careful handling and adherence to regulations. The implementation of sustainable waste management practices, promotion of recycling, and adoption of innovative technologies are essential for mitigating the adverse effects of biomedical waste on the environment and local communities.

2024-02

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology (Issue : 1) (Volume : 16)

Background: Since the working conditions have a significant impact on one's health. Because of their line of work, traffic cops are continuously exposed to health risks all over the world. Aim: To assess the health status of traffic police in Duhok Governorate and common health issues that arise from their line of work.Methods: In the province of Duhok, a cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December of 2023. Using a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Interviews were conducted using a pretested questionnaire following informed consent. Data pertaining to the physical health profile and sociodemographic profile were gathered. Results: In all, 150 traffic police who were older than 25 were included in the study. Of the total population, 100% were men, and 49.333% had completed secondary school. Of the respondents, 45 (or 30%) had diabetes, 88 (or 58.667%) had hypertension, 12 (8%) had respiratory issues, 43 (or 28.667%) had headache issues, 68 (or 45.333%) complained of musculoskeletal pain, and 32 (or 21.333%) had eye issues. Of the traffic police, 79 (52.667%) were smokers. The majority of the study's sample, comprising 99 traffic cops with over 15 years of experience, and 92 traffic cops with over 6 hours of work, are included in the study. Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that the majority of police officers experience fatigue from their jobs and that these conditions are brought on by their jobs. The majority of police officers disregard physical examinations and do not wear any protective gear.

2024-01

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews (Issue : 18) (Volume : 1)

The review thoroughly examines current approaches to wastewater treatment, addressing the urgent worldwide issues of water contamination and shortage. Given that the majority of Earth's surface is covered by water, only a small portion of it is really appropriate for consumption. As a result, billions of people are at risk of experiencing water shortages on a yearly basis. The research examines several therapeutic strategies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with a specific emphasis on their effectiveness, constraints, and current advancements. Adsorption and membrane technology are physical technologies that use developments in nano-sized materials to improve the removal of contaminants. Coagulation/flocculation procedures encounter difficulties in de-colorization and sludge generation, notwithstanding their effectiveness. Chemical techniques such as electrochemical and photo-electrochemical oxidation, Fenton's oxidation, and ozonation demonstrate sophisticated oxidation mechanisms that have the ability to break down pollutants. Nevertheless, the need for continuous improvement arises due to problems such as energy expenses and the generation of by-products. The use of microorganisms for the breakdown of organic colorants is a promising ecologically acceptable solution in the field of biology. Biofilm applications show potential in the treatment of sewage water, highlighting the capacity of microorganisms to adapt and their enzymatic activity. This review highlights the urgent need for ongoing research and technological advancements in order to address the global issue of water scarcity. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment solutions into worldwide water management strategies, in order to ensure a resilient future.

2024-01

Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International (Issue : 1) (Volume : 28)

The study was done on the effect of water contamination on human health. The review revealed a complex network of factors contributing to water contamination, including home sewage, industrial discharges, pesticides, plastics, and systemic management deficiencies. The study highlighted the widespread effects on human health, including skin disorders, serious illnesses like cancer and diarrheal infections, particularly affecting children. It emphasized the need for synchronized efforts to alleviate pollution sources, focusing on sustainable farming methodologies and responsible waste management. The study also explored advanced wastewater treatment techniques, highlighting the urgent need for their widespread use worldwide. However, the study acknowledged limitations, such as geographical scope and contamination origins. Recommendations included a comprehensive strategy involving sustainable behaviors, strict laws, and advanced treatment technology. The study emphasized the need for governments, companies, and communities to work together to implement strong legislation, improve infrastructure, and increase knowledge about water quality. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach, focusing on mitigating constraints through ongoing research, innovation, and international collaboration.

2024-01

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews (Issue : 21) (Volume : 1)

The increasing environmental concerns linked to the extensive use of traditional plastics have led to a rising interest in bioplastics, mostly because of their capacity to biodegrade and their reliance on organic materials. This study examines the harmful impacts of petroleum-derived plastics on the ecosystem, animals, and human health, highlighting the pressing requirement for sustainable alternatives. The enduring characteristics of plastics, together with their role in exacerbating global warming and emission of harmful gases when burned, highlight the urgency of discovering environmentally-friendly alternatives. The research promotes the use of biodegradable materials as a practical alternative, highlighting their ability to break down through the action of microorganisms without causing harm to the environment. In addition, the text discusses the constraints of recycling and highlights the importance of developing alternatives such as polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyhydroxy butyrates, starch, and cellulose to reduce the negative environmental impact of conventional plastics. This work adds to the current discussion on shifting towards sustainable materials in order to address the growing problem of plastic pollution.

2023-11

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews (Issue : 17) (Volume : 4)

One possible source of fresh water is rainfall. Nonetheless, the natural composition of rainwater may change due to air pollution in any areas. The Kwashe and Gara in the Duhok Governorate, in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, was selected as the study areas. Heavy metals concentration of rainwater was investigated. Seven samples were taken during rainy January and February 2023 for this investigation, and a statistical analysis was carried out to identify the factors influencing the quality of the rainwater. The concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Co) were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and compared to WHO standards. The purpose of the study was to compare the heavy metal content of study area rainwater to WHO standards in order to determine the effects of these metals on community members' individual health as well as the environment. The heavy metal concentrations dropped in the following order:(Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Co in Kwashe and Zn> Ni> Cu> Pb> Cr> Fe> Mn> Cd> Co in Gara). The following heavy metals are within the WHO's permissible limit: Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co; the others exceeded it. The results indicate that the rainwater sources in the study areas are unsafe and unfit for human consumption. Because of this, rainwater from research areas needs to be treated before drinking in order to prevent Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr-related health problems.

2023-08

International Journal of Research in Environmental Science (IJRES) (Issue : 3) (Volume : 9)

Data on rainfall are a crucial meteorological input for planning and management studies of water resources as well as agricultural modeling systems. Environmental conditions, particularly rainfall and water availability, have a significant impact on crop choice and agricultural production output. The influence of climate variables, such as rainfall, is so strong in Kurdistan that overall agricultural productions are now in danger. In this study, rainfall data of 48 years (1974 to 2022) were used to determine variation in rainfall in Duhok city and Semel district in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Annually rainfall amount data of forty-eight years (1974- 2022) was obtained from the Directorate of Agriculture (Duhok and Semele). An analysis of rainfall variations in the Duhok city and Semel district shows that 1974-1975 (158 and135mm, respectively) recorded the least average rainfall across the study area and over the years while the highest average rainfall was recorded in 2018-2019 (1199.3, 991mm, respectively). Although in 2007-2008 recorded the second least average rainfall (216 and 141.6mm, respectively), and the second highest rainfall in Semel district is in 1988- 1989, but in Duhok city is in (1987-1988) over the study period. Non availability of rainfall data for 1990 year in Semel was a major limitation to this study; because in this year the uprising began and people migrated abroad. Similarly, trend analysis shows that there are increasing (+ve), decreasing (-ve) and somewhat constant trends for the different years. Statistical measures (mean, median, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis and coefficient of variation, etc.) have been used. The analysis of rainfall variations from the study area shows that Duhok city and Semel district recorded the average annual rainfall amount of (533.7 and 437.18mm) over the years. The results indicated that for the annual rainfall, median, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis, coefficient of variation and correlation coefficients was found as (540.8, 463.7mm), (1199.3, 991mm), (158, 135mm), (207.1, 169.95mm), (42871.4, 28884.49mm), (0.6596, 0.419mm), (1.009, 1.282mm), (38.79, 38.88%), and (0.715) respectively during the study period. A reliable indicator of climate trends can be found in the temporal fluctuation of rainfall. In addition, these rainfall variations are used in many engineering aspects, including design of massive civil engineering structures like dams, design of water supply networks, it greatly contributes in water resources system planning and management, etc. Furthermore, the rainfall variations are not only important in engineering aspects but also heavily in agriculture. Therefore, this research paper presents an analysis of temporal variation of rainfall in Semel, Kurdistan Region. Initial results show some interesting trends in rainfall over a period of 48 years.

2023-07

Environmental Science Archives (Issue : 2) (Volume : 2)

Even though rainfall is thought of as a source that is free from contamination, human activities, especially those in the industrial and agricultural sectors, contaminate this clean kind of water. This study was conducted in two regions (Kwashe industrial area and Gara natural area) for the evaluation of rain water quality and indirectly the comparison between the evaluation of air pollution load created in both areas in Duhok governorate, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For this investigation, seven samples of each area were collected in the months of January and February 2023 during rainfall and they were compared. After data collection, a statistical analysis was carried out to determine the variables that affected rainwater quality. According to the current study, the first rain's water quality was significantly worse than the second rain's due to pollution. It was determined that there was a substantial difference between the first and second rain, favoring increased air pollution in the industrial region. The variation in pollutant concentrations of rainfall provides a general idea of the area's air pollution load. The outcomes of the quality evaluation program largely agreed with those found by a number of other researchers. The findings of the rainwater quality test show that pH values were lower in the Kwashe area and that some values throughout the research period exceeded the WHO-recommended limits for transportable. The results of the quality analyses indicate that it is not recommended to drink rainwater that has not been treated when it falls directly on an industrial area since it poses a health risk. The most samples of rainwater that were taken at the …

2023-03

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM) (Issue : 3) (Volume : 5)

Background: Odour is an important factor in assessing the quality of life in any area and cities. Odour pollution from industrial area is one of the contaminants that affects human environment and negatively impacts human health and social wellbeing. Further, the spread of Odours in the neighborhoods around industrial regions can exacerbate social unrest and lead to public complaints about the quality of the air. Objective: To conduct and gather a community perception of Odour pollution caused by industrial sources and the health status of those population living near and around the source. Methods: The searches were conducted in March, June, September in 2022 and January and February in 2023. Data were collected by means of questionnaires at 10 sites near and around the industrial area. This study analyses comments from the people living within 1 to 15 km radius around an industrial area to gauge and determine how they perceive and experience being impacted by smell pollution. In order to ascertain the impact of industrial area Odour on social, health, and comfort levels, one aspect of the study comprised a perception survey. The disagreeable Odours' magnitude, persistence, and intensity were controlled by the other component. Results: From this study, 140 people responded. The results demonstrated that the strong disagreeable smell was normally experienced in summer. The findings also demonstrated that the industrial area smell had caused daily discomfort and continuously. Because the respondents experience a variety of unpleasant Odours that negatively affect their perception of their quality of life, the data from the research allow us to state that certain smells are so oppressive that they may force the need to leave the place of living. Conclusions: Results highlight the significance of smell pollution for the population living near and surrounding industrial odour sources in terms of public health. The limited evidence for the majority of results supports the need for high quality epidemiological researches on the relationship between odour pollution and its effects on human health. In conclusion, the analysis of the smell impact demonstrates a substantial effect on the residents of the area under study. The impact might be felt up to 15 kilometers away, especially in the closest area. Recommendations: It is essential that the relevant authorities conduct mitigation measures, and these pollutants must be thus controlled and regulated. While formulating legislation or making choices concerning industrial regions that also provide environmental preservation, policymakers should take public perception into account.

2023-02

Environmental Science Archives (Issue : 2) (Volume : 2)

Groundwater is a precious resource, and the life of humans depends on its quality. Public health is extremely concerned about the contamination of groundwater with heavy metals that come from either anthropogenic or naturally occurring soil sources since it can have detrimental impacts on both plant and animal life. The main objective of the present study was to determine and assess the concentration of heavy metal contamination in groundwater and to understand potential sources of contamination. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, and Cd are examined. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) testing was done on groundwater samples that were taken from 10 wells in the study area. In groundwater samples, physical factors, including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and metals like Cd and Pb were found to be over the allowed levels advised by international standards. The analysis revealed that the levels of Cd and Pb in the groundwater samples exceeded those recommended by the World Health Organization, Environment Production Agency and Iraqi standards. According to the findings, the maximum concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe were, respectively, 0.693, 0.42, 0.402, 0.0851, 0.068, and 0.04 mg/L. The groundwater samples from the research area demonstrated levels of the heavy metals in the following order: Cd> Pb> Zn> Cu> Mn> Fe. It was concluded that two heavy metals, cadmium and lead, and the percolation of dissolved salts were to blame for the groundwater's declining quality. Due to elevated amounts of harmful metals, the community's groundwater is therefore dangerous for drinking in some areas. It was recommended that either chemical precipitation, ion exchange, or reverse osmosis be used on a regular basis to treat the heavy metal concentration in groundwater sources.

2023-01

Jilin Daxue Xuebao (Gongxueban)/Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition) (Issue : 01) (Volume : 43)

Nine common wild herbs species which are Cynodon dactylon, Silbyum mariaunum, Xanthium strumarium, Juncus effuses, Centaurea iberica, Echinops ritro, Onopordum acanthium, Akkoub gundelia, and Papyrus reeds were screened to estimate their potential ability as phytoremediator to remove heavy metal from the soil polluted by Kwashe landfill leachate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Results revealed that the Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) is more efficient than Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) in determining the ability of herbal plants for phytoremediation. The statistical significance (P≤ 0.05) of Chromium (Cr) bioaccumulation factor indicate that all herbal plants are efficient and comes in this rank Onopordum acanthium >Echinops ritro > Juncus effuses ≥ Centaurea iberica ≥ Akkoub gundelia = Papyrus reeds = Cynodon dactylon > Xanthium strumarium. While Silybum marianum is found to be not efficient in bioaccumulation of Cr. Also, all studied herbs in this study are active in bioaccumulation of Nickel (Ni) significantly (P≤ 0.05) in this rank Onopordum acanthium = Echinops ritro Centaurea iberica = Akkoub gundelia = Papyrus reeds ≥ Juncus effuses = Xanthium strumarium = Cynodon dactylon = Silybum marianum. Also, all studied herbs in this study are active in bioaccumulation of Cupper (Cu) significantly (P≤ 0.05) in this rank Onopordum acanthium = Echinops ritro ≥ Centaurea iberica ≥ Xanthium strumarium= Silybum marianum > Papyrus reeds = Akkoub gundelia > Juncus effuses ≥ Cynodon dactylon. Not all studied herbs in this study are active in bioaccumulation of Iron (Fe) significantly (P≤ 0.05) in this rank Onopordum acanthium =Echinops ritro > Juncus effuses = Centaurea iberica = Akkoub gundelia. However, Xanthium strumarium and Papyrus reeds recorded 0.97 and 0.95 BAF respectively. While, Silybum marianum and Cynodon dactylon are not effective in phytoremediation of Iron. All wild herbal plants are efficient in translocation of heavy metals from roots to shoots, as the translocation factor is not exceeded one in most cases, except Cynodon dactylon and Xanthium strumarium are not effective in translocating cadmium from roots to shoots.

2022-11

AIP Conference Proceedings (Issue : 1) (Volume : 2660)

Raw samples of Kwashe open dump sites in the Iraqi Kurdistan region were taken and treated by aeration and filtration methods and 16 physicochemical properties of leachate were determined after and before treatments. Result indicates the efficiency of aeration and filtration in improving these physicochemical characteristics to extend limits. Sodium adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity are reduced by -%19.5 and -53.5%, respectively, but the leachate remained salty as organic waste of Duhok city contain huge amounts of edible salts. Result also revealed that the content of treated leachate of macronutrients like phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium is sufficient for better crops production if it diluted with normal irrigation water and its EC is further reduced. The efficiency of aeration and filtration in reducing nutrients in leachate were in this rank Cl -18%>Ca-15%>Na-11% >Li-10.5% >Ba-9.8%> Mg-8.3% >K-7%> P-5.6% >S-5.2%.TDS and TSS respond to the aeration and filtration better than nutrients and reduced -47% and -45% resistively, but remained slightly over permissible limits of treated leachate. BOD and COD the most critical leachate properties were reduced by treatments -19.7% and -32% respectively, and further advance treatments is required to bring them to allowable ranges of treated leachate.

2022-06

Eurasian Chemical Communications (Issue : 10) (Volume : 4)

The aim of this study is to estimate the evolution of some greenhouse emissions from Kwashe municipal solid waste landfill in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The emission of gasses as CH4, CO2, CO, O2, O3, and H2S from the landfills in three sites was measured by the Drager multi-gas detector X-am 5600. The formation of CH4 inside the landfill body is spatial according to the load of the buried organic waste, the degree of organic waste moisture content, the spatial pH, and temperature within the landfill body, and further found to be higher thousands fold over its over save ranges in the third site. The liberation of CO2 is greater than its normal background in the atmosphere as 0.03% in three sites, especially in the third site to reach its risk level and at least hundred times greater than the normal ranges of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These reflect the high load of organic waste greater than the half and most of decomposition is carried by aerobic respiration. CO level in site 3 recorded the highest values in the first week and remained over the normal range till the end of investigation. The ozone formation ranges between 0.01 to 0.05 ppm and there is a parent difference between the sites. The highest emissions of H2S were noticed in site 3 and the peak was recorded in the first week of observation at 5 ppm. Then, the liberation continued after 4 weeks to 8 weeks, indicating that the load of wet organic waste deposition is concentrated on site 3.

2021-10

Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences (Issue : 1) (Volume : 5)

Leachate is a major problem created from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and is considered the worst source of surface water and groundwater pollution. Kwashe industrial area as one of the most fast developing and polluted industrial area in Kurdistan region with many factories has a large solid waste separation factory that receives approximately 900 tons of municipal solid waste, out of which about 50% is organic kitchen waste. Samples of leachate were randomly collected from different sites downward drain of landfill and treated by aeration and filtration processes over a month. The results revealed that the soil was affected highly by soluble salts like Na and K from landfill; consequently, the electrical conductivity was 6.37(ds/m), 6 folds greater than the acceptable ranges. The primary treatment of landfill leachate by aeration and filtration reduced all heavy metals to acceptable ranges except Fe and Al, which remained relatively high over allowable ranges because the behavior and reaction of heavy metals in leachates is complicated as many acids are formed during the acidogensis of organic waste biodegradation that increases the solubility of these cationic heavy metals. The extractable forms of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sodium, and lithium are within acceptable ranges, which indicated not being enough to cause a threat in deteriorating soil and environmental chemistry. The results also showed that there was a close correlation between landfill leachate content of heavy metals and soil content affected by this leachate of Zn, Fe, Cu, Al, and Co at (P ≤ 0.01), but the soil downward landfill leachate fortunately did not reach the hazardous limits of their content in heavy metals and also did not exceed the standard ranges in soil.

2021-04

Association of Cell Biology Romania (Issue : 03) (Volume : 25)

This field study relied on collecting data related to the actual number of working hours of the power generating stations and their requirements from the fuel and the amount of the carbon dioxide emitted from these power plants because of burning diesel that contaminates our environment. The study showed that the Kurdistan region of Iraq and the province of Duhok suffer from the phenomenon of electricity power cuts in the government every day, to meet citizens’ needs for this power outage, civil power generators work side by side with state power transmission stations. Because of this process, which has been ongoing for over ten years, the size of air pollution with a continuous increase in carbon dioxide emissions, which lead to the removal of oxygen gas in the atmosphere because of emissions of carbon dioxide caused by the operation of the huge number of these generators, which accounted to be (1814) generators, which operate on fossil fuels (Diesel) and produce energy (373,818 kW/hour). The total capacity of the minimum production of energy per generator for a daily working is (8) hours, Where the amount of production or emission of carbon dioxide from these generators is (1,247,595.6) kg / hour. Besides the amount of thermal pollution caused by the cooling of these generators cold water, which cause pollution of aquatic ecosystem because of the installation of some of these generators on the shores of the river or some water tables in some districts and villages of the province which adversely affect the living organisms that live in those watersheds. These generators are a common source of noise pollution which bring disturbance to citizens living near some of these generators. Besides the other pollution caused by these generators, namely the visual pollution resulting from the supply of unplanned, random electric wiring and linking it to the homes of citizens, which affects the psychological comfort while looking at such beautiful scenery. All these types of pollution negatively influence health and the environment.

2020-12

Linguistica Antverpiensia (Issue : 1) (Volume : 2020)

Now the election is inescapable in our community. Today elections increase social and environmental troubles such as noise pollution, water pollution, air and soil pollution, health hazard and inimical socioeconomic impact. During the election days, Duhok city is exposed to a high levels of noise pollution coming from private cars, public transports, trumpeting, drumming, shriek, pyrotechnics, etc. It is well-known noise pollution as one pollutant sources that could affect the quality of life across the globe.In this work we have monitored the noise levels in different places of Duhok town. Using a DigitalSound Level Meter (model SL-200), we made a preliminary assessment of noise levels per election, and the data were compared with post-election days.The data were collected during the period (10th Augst to 10th October 2018) from (08.00am to 12.00pm) at 12 different sites within Duhok city.In most areas, the noise was ranging between 60 to 65 dB with an average of 66.03 dB in the mornings, 71.9 dB in the afternoon and 80.29 dB in the evening during the election period while 63.8, 65.98 and 72.2 dB, 63.55,66.73 and 74.47 dB were average levels in the morning, afternoon and evening of pre and post elections, respectively. The lowest values of noise were recorded at evenings and it was as follows, 58.5 dB at site 3 in pre-election, 61.3 dB at site 3 in election and 60.6 dB at site 2 at the post-election.This study may help to publicize awareness about noise pollution among the people, by which they will be capable to take required precautionary measures to salvage themselves from the adverse effects of noise pollution and to enhance the quality of the environment.

2020-01

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCES (Issue : 01) (Volume : 6)

Nowadays, the growing population is demanding freshwater resources, and the availability of water influence the population distribution and its activities. Groundwater sources such as springs and wells are the major source of water for drinking, agricultural, and industrial consumptions. However, water resources are always exposed to industrial, agricultural, and residential pollutions. In the current study, water samples were collected from twenty-two springs sources from February to October 2017 in Amadiya districts, in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The physicochemical characteristics including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (Ca2), magnesium hardness (Mg2), turbidity (NTU), total alkalinity (TA), and nitrate (NO3 -) of the samples were analyzed. The findings showed that most of the water samples were within the permissible limits for drinking usage according to WHO (World Health Organization) standards, while few samples were without the permissible level for TDS and EC. Also, higher concentrations of TDS and EC reported for some samples attributed to agricultural and residential contamination, which require water treatment for drinking purposes. The statistical analysis illustrated an acceptable correlation between analysis.

2019-01

International Journal of Current Advanced Research (Issue : 01) (Volume : 8)

In spite of the scientific development and the continuous technological progress in all different fields, the economic prosperity in many societies has increased. But at the same time has negatively affected health and the environment as a whole due to different cases of pollution that raised from caused by industrial progress, and visual pollution is one of those types of pollution, and therefore must be seriously taken into consideration. So visual pollution is an aesthetic issue referring to the impacts of pollution that impair one’s ability to enjoy a vista or view. The term of visual pollution is also given to unattractive and man made visual elements of vista, a landscape or any other things that make a person not to feel comfortable to look at. The purpose of this study was to identify repercussion of visual pollution and its influenceon public psychological health of some people in Duhok Centre and suburbs and also Zakho-Duhok Road. The results showed us from this study after presenting a group of photographs related to some cases of visual pollution on 500 people from of different age consisted of group of females and males during nine months from August 2017 to May 2018 from the Centre of Duhok and its Suburbs and the road linking the City of Zakho and Duhok that there was a discrepancy in the cases of Psychological discomfort for those people who were questioned resulting from looking at that image related to visual pollution and lead to the occurrence of some cases of Psychological illnesses. The good planning and managing is neglected by Government adding the lack of awareness about reducing the visual pollution and other types of pollution on a daily basis and working in harmony with a clean environment through activating and enforcing environmental protection laws.

2018-01

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences (Issue : 1) (Volume : 5)

This study describes the evaluation case of medical waste management in the largest hospital in terms of the number of sections and the number of patients and visitors to Shaabaniya and Bidar Hospital in Zakho city , Iraq's Kurdistan region .Found through this study the number of the patients referred to hospital for the various tests of males and females in different ages is about (706958 patients)and the number of the patients who remained is about( 32926) which lasted for two years as of (15/06/2015- 30/05/2017 ). Addition to the number of varies surgical operation in the hospital of Shaabaniya is about (12801) operation during the same years (2015-2017), this lead to increases the amount of hazardous medical waste was reported at the above mentioned clinics respectively is about (27250Kg), (5711 Kg). The aim of this study is to activation the role of medical waste in the separation, collection, storage, transport, and treatment of these wastes. And reduce the rate of medical waste generation, both in terms of quantity and quality, by developing the technology used, adopting clean technology, and selecting substitutes or primary materials that are less invasive of the environment and public health. But the result of study show the existence of administrative practices of improper disposal of medical waste in terms of the separation of hazardous and non-medical waste operations and this is due to the negligence and carelessness in the instructions issued by the authorities of administrative supervising the application of the collection, separation, transport and storage of the waste temporarily inside hospital pending transfer to operations final treatment with municipal waste. In addition to the lack of environmental awareness among workers in the field of hygiene and lack of provision of required equipment for personal protection and the lack of a program or plans to train workers in hygiene and how to deal with the medical waste and Prevention , Note that the continuous production of waste per day throughout the year, so it is necessary to work hard to improve the administration consistently and effectively and to work hard to provide the infrastructure necessary for the success of the administrative process required.

2016-10

International Journal of Current Research (Issue : 10) (Volume : 8)

The present work was undertaken to investigate the drinking water quality of Zakho city after adding chlorine (as an efficient disinfectant), and assess the water quality of Little Khabur River (before adding chlorine). Also a systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of Zakho city after distribution (at the consumer tap). Water was analyzed during rainy season for 2014 and during all seasons of 2015 to determine its quality using standard methods. The aim was to find how the addition of chlorine could affect the physical and chemical properties of water for Zakho city. Quantification of chlorine residual, pH, turbidity, etc. was performed. Each physico-chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, COD, BOD, total alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, etc.) was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter in river water (or drinking water) as prescribed by WHO. pH generally ranged from 7.02 to 7.30; conductivity fluctuated from 359 to 374 μS/cm; turbidity varied from 0.34 to 2.79 NTU; and TDS values were found to be ranging between 180 and 187 mg/l. Chlorine normally added to public water supplies to kill disease causing bacteria that the water or its transport pipes might contain. The value of total chlorine was found to be 0.86 to1.7 mg/l.

2016-08

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences (Issue : 8) (Volume : 3)

The present investigation deals with the physico-chemical analysis of Zea River which passes through the Deralok City, an agricultural town of Duhok province. The objective of the study was to provide baseline information on its physical and chemical characteristics as well as evaluate its water quality. Water samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from seven stations and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. Assessment of temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, total alkalinity, turbidity, chloride, hardness, dissolved oxygen, calcium, Sulphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Electrical Conductivity were carried out monthly during November, 2014 to June, 2015. Results showed significant alterations in the physicochemical parameters. The analyzed data of water body was interpreted in relation to pollution status and biodiversity indices for assessment of aquatic fauna. Atmospheric temperature ranged from 2.12 to 45.25 (ºC). Water temperature ranged from 10.71 to 16.01 (ºC). pH ranged from 7.27 to 8.73, dissolved oxygen from 7.53 to 9.01 (mg/l), electrical conductivity from 316 to 398 (μS/cm), total dissolved solids from 202 to 255 (mg/l), turbidity from 86 to 92 (NTU), total hardness from 206 to 216 (mg/l), total alkalinity from 58 to 76 (mg/l) and total acidity (53–83 mg l-1), BOD (2.7–3.7 mg l-1), COD (1.7–2.1 mg l-1). Results show that there is no serious problem regarding the parameters checked in this study. So, the water can be used as drinking water for Deralok city and another city without any serious problem. The results suggest that refuse disposal, fertilizer use, and natural phenomena e.g. soil erosion; flooding, etc. may have contributed in various ways to the impairment of the water quality of the studied sites. Although the results do not indicate adverse pollution status of any of the sites, they provided the need for further investigations and monitoring. The water from the river which is called Zea, travels from turkey to Kurdistan in a small city called Deralok it also goes through the middle of the city. This separates the city into 2 pieces. From Deralok the river goes through many villages and woods then it joins with another river called the blue (shin) river. Also the Zae River is 75km far away from the province of Duhok.

2016-08

Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal (Issue : 3) (Volume : 1)

In order to characterize the waste water in Duhok valley in Duhok governorate, during 25km, seven sites were selected in Duhok valley, to represent their water quality. Monthly samples were collected from the Duhok valley for the period from, April to September, 2015. The qualitative study of Duhok valley water tested, as considered one of the main sources of water pollution for Musol Lake. The physical and chemical test for water samples are taken from different locations in Duhok valley. To know the degree of pollution, and the impact of self-purification processes to improve water quality before arriving to the Mosul Lake, and the indicated results of the study a lack of dissolved oxygen in the water (DO). And high organic load values, (BOD) and most of the bad qualities during water passage within the city of Duhok, while meat a significant improvement in the quality of water downstream before arriving at the dam Lake, is attributed to the effect of operations of self- purification ability of water. In spite of salinity problems and toxicity, the quality of water is suitable for irrigation crops on both sides of the valley .The all samples were tested for conductivity, TDS, pH, total hardness, chloride, alkalinity, sulfate, BOD, and phosphate, according to the standard methods.

2016-03

International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences (Issue : 3) (Volume : 3)

Nowadays, people are more concerned about the environment. Environmental protection laws have become more stringent. Hence, employing environmental friendly methods in the food industry has become necessary. Food Quality Assurance (FQA) plays an important role in all this. Food being an important element of life, the regulatory agencies has also put in place stringent requirements for its safety and quality. With the development in technology, various methods for food processing have emerged. Also Quality monitoring and guarantee ensures that the chemicals are within the specified limits in any food product. The research has been conducted at Directorate of Ibrahim Khalil border (IKB) between Iraq and Turkey. Quality Control (QC) at IKB has been regularly monitored and facilitated the export and import of food stuff across the border through Food Quarantine Laboratories (QL) and Food inspection Unit. This research conducted in order to have an idea about import inspection, monitoring program, and certification and import permission, as well as to ensure the safety and quality of food supply in the markets of Iraq.