2024-12

Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 4) (Volume : 12)

This period of printing and translating Arabic books in Europe (1475-1710) is considered as a “significant and preliminary phase” of printing books in Arabic language in Europe. Hence, this article is allocated to depict the printing books in Arabic language process. This article pays a great attention to the written language of Quran and Arabic grammar in Europe. This subject is been regularly ignored, and Kurdish academic institutions have begun to pay attention to it. As a result, this research attempts to clarify some historical development and new assessment of i. This study has taken most attention to the printing process, types of printings, and other aspects of it. The article uses some key articles and reports, which are published in English language. The objective of this research is to show the most important Arabic books that have been printed in Europe and the European aims of printing these books. Most of the Arabic books printed by Europeans were related to Islam and Arabic grammar. This raises key questions why European paid most attention to the printing and translating Arabic accounts. According to this premise, this research aims to answer some crucial questions that are related to this study, such as: Why the European paid most attention to printing and translating Arabic books? What subjects and issues were these books related to? Were Europeans seeking to benefit from those books, or were they attempting to critique Islam and the Arabic language? Did the printing and translating Arabic books have effects on the emergence of ideas in the Arabic World?

2024-11

Kurdiname (Issue : 11) (Volume : 11)

شۆڕەشا شێخ عوبه‌یدۆڵاهێ دهێته‌ هژمارتن ب ئێكه‌مین شۆره‌شا نه‌ته‌وه‌یى یاكو تێدا بزاڤ هاتین كرن ئێكگرتنه‌ك كوردى ل سه‌ر بناغێ نه‌ته‌وه‌یى ل ده‌ڤه‌رێ بهێته‌دورستكرن ژبۆ رزگاركرنا كوردستانێ. ژبه‌ر هندێ، بایه‌خ زێده‌ گرنگ و هه‌ستیار ب هه‌مى لایه‌نێن ئه‌ڤێ شۆره‌شێ ژلایێ ده‌ستهه‌لاتدارێن ده‌ڤه‌رێ و نۆێنه‌رێن به‌ریتانیا هاتیه‌ دان. ژبه‌ر گرنگیا ئه‌ڤێ قۆناغێ، ئه‌ڤ لێكۆلینه‌ك دێ بزاڤێ كه‌تن چه‌ندین لایه‌نێن باخه‌دار یێن گرێدایى ب شۆره‌شێ ڤه‌ ب تێروانینه‌ك زانستى شرۆڤه‌ بكه‌تن. هه‌لبه‌ت بۆ ئەڤێ مه‌به‌ستێ مفا ژ هنده‌ك ژێده‌رێن گرنگ یێن ب ئەڤى ماوه‌یڤه‌ گرێدایى هاتیه‌ وه‌رگرتن. ئارمانجێن ئەڤێ شۆره‌شێ مه‌ترسى ئێخسته‌ سه‌ر هه‌ڤسه‌نگیا هێزێ ل ده‌ڤه‌رێ. له‌وڕا هه‌ر زیكا روویدان و پێشهاتێن ئه‌ڤێ شۆره‌شێ سه‌رنجا ده‌وله‌تێن هه‌رێمى و نێڤده‌وله‌تى، ب تایبه‌تى به‌ریتانیا ڕاكێشا و ئه‌ڤ چه‌نده‌ بۆ ئه‌گه‌رێ هندێ كو به‌ریتانیا ژى هه‌لۆیست و سیاسه‌تیێن خۆ ل دۆر مه‌ترسى و بوویه‌رێن وێ بۆ ڕایا گشتى یا ده‌ڤه‌رێ دیار بكه‌ن. ئەڤ ڤەکۆلینە دێ هەولدەت بەرسڤا هندەک پڕسیارێن گرنگ یێن گرێدایى ب مژارێن ئەڤێ شۆڕەشێ ڤە مینا ئەو چ هۆکاربوون شێخ عوبەیدوڵڵاهێ نەهرى پالداین دەست ب شۆڕەشێ بکەت و هزروبیریێن بەریتانیا لدۆر چەوا بوون؟ ئارمانجێن ئەڤێ شۆڕەشێ چ بوون و بەڕیتانیا چەوا بەڕێخودا پێشهاتێن ئەوێ؟ پەیوەندیێن شێخى دگەل بەڕیتانیا چەوابوون و بەڕیتانیا ب چ شێوازێ سیاسەتێ سەرەدەرى دگەل ئەوى دکر؟ هەلۆیستێ بەڕیتانیا بەرامبەرى روودانێن شۆڕەشێ چەوا بوون؟ ئایە بەڕیتانیا ڕۆڵ دشکاندنا ئەڤێ شۆڕەشێ دا هەبوو

2023-12

Zanco Journal of Human Sciences (Issue : 27) (Volume : 27)

Abstract The Kurdish National Movement in Iran is one of the significance stage of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East particularly this period under this study, as this period is considered to be the beginning of strengthen Kurdish national movement in Iran and the U.S attitude to the Kurdish question in Iran. Hence this period is being taken into an account in order to examine the Kurdish situation and their question in Iran also the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the role of Kurdish movement in gathering the US and Iranian so closely. In this regard this study aims to answer some relating questions such as how strong was the Kurdish question at that time? How was the Kurdish national movement influenced Iran during this period? Did the Kurdish question affect the U.S. interests? What was the soviet role in the Kurdish question?

2021-04

The Journal of Duhok University (Issue : 1) (Volume : 24)

This period has been chosen for this study is one of the most sensitive and awkward stages of Kurdistan history, on the ground of that during this era the eastern question was moved on the terrible direction and Kurdistan was under this challenge, because in the one side some Kurdish emirate attempted to revolt to get independence, on the other side, the grate powers were in challenging to get their economic and political position. In this challenging and competing Kurdistan played a great role in the Eastern question, because of this question some key events of Kurdistan’s history were recorded by European travelers and Kurdish also foreign historian inaccurately. As a result, Kurdistan history became ambiguity. Hence, this research is being allocated for this period with the aim of correcting these mistakes and show these neglected authentic events. This research is being divided into an introduction, background, four sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this study sheds light on the importance of study, objective, references and methodology, which are being used. The background of study concentrates on how Kurdistan moved on into the Eastern question. Furthermore, it spells out the importance of Kurdistan to great powers upon how and for what purpose the superpowers looked at Kurdish areas. Additionally, on the fate of Kurdish emirates in this competition, the first section of this study explores the inauthentic events of the fate of Soran principality and makes authentication. Second section of this research sheds light on the situation of Baban emirate as well as its destiny. In its third section this study illustrates the effectiveness of moving the Eastern question into Kurdish areas, particularly Botan emirate and the Russian moving into it, as it was a key factor also effective instrument of the great power attitude to the region as well as making correction of this emirate in this challenge. The fourth section of this research examines the influence of the Eastern question on other Kurdish emirates from 1842 to 1867 and it attempts to make authentication of these mistakes has been written. Its conclusion spells out these results, which its author has discovered. KEY WORDS: Kurdistan, the Great Powers, Emirates, Eastern Question, political and religious intervention

2020-12

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (Issue : 2) (Volume : 3)

National sentiment grew in Europe in general and in Germany in particular in the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the growth of this feeling, in turn, led to the emergence and growth of a more lively, deeper, and influential sentiment, which is the passion of solidarity between members of the same nation. But what raises the sensitivity of the excessive growth of the sentiment of solidarity is the issue of its accompanying the growth of the feeling of national dignity and national honor, and the sense of the national destiny of race, gender, sect, and other names listed so great that it has reached the point of denying all the rights of the other - of course - whether within the borders of the country or hostility to a geographically defined state on this narrow basis of closed racism with its component. And at the same time, the desire to impose the primacy and eligibility of national characteristics grew from the simplest forms of difference between nationalities, including shape and gender, for example, to the most complex and deepest aspects of other differences, some of which relate to traits outside of control. The issue of emphasizing the importance of national feeling and imposing it in full view of other foreign elements present in the same country, which caused the emergence of a crisis that accepts the other or the different nationalities. The meaning of the concept of nationalism has disappeared with time and has not been defined or reappeared until our days. This is only due to the different mentalities that view the concept of nationalism. Therefore, the complexity, ambiguity, and ambiguity are still under the pens of thinkers and those interested in studying the nation and national sentiment.

2020-10

Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences (Issue : 5) (Volume : 24)

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references. This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers . Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

2020-07

Journal of Duhok University (Issue : 1) (Volume : 22)

ABSTRACT This study is entitled, '' The Regional and International Attitude to the Genocide of Kurds in Iraq from March 1975 to September 1988 ''.Its noteworthy to point out that genocide is one of the most dangerous and influential approaches that the tyrannical regimes used through different techniques against a nation under their powers. Certainly, the tyrannical regimes used genocide against these nations, which are attempting to obtain their national rights through a political and self-governing administration unit and an independent state. Profoundly, these powers, which are used this process, they are being considered that this nation is a key part of its sufficient power, likewise, its land has plenty of natural resources, which make them to consider if separate from their control, it would effect on their incomes and economies. As a result, they are taking Genocide approaches against it with the aim of making them soundless and remained under their powers. Candidly, throughout contemporary history of Iraq, the Kurdish nation has faced many catastrophes and genocides through successive Iraqi administrations. The genocide approaches of Iraqi governments had affected on the Kurdish leaders to effectively endeavour familiarising their national question to the international community. The period under this study is considered to be the beginning of the genocide process of Kurds in Iraq. Owing to after the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in March 1975, the Baathist regime immediately conducted its Kurdish genocide method. During this period the regional and international powers played a key role in it. Consequently, it has been necessary to conduct a research on the regional and international attitude to the Kurdish genocide in Iraq. This study is being divided into an introduction, an overview, three sections and conclusion. Its introduction sheds light on the significance, objectives, problem statement, references and method. In order to get a big picture of the genocide history of Kurds in Iraq, the background of the study depicts the Iraqi government genocide policy of Kurds between 1975 and 1988. In its first section, this article shows the Kurdish attitude to their genocide and their attempts to take their question to the international community. This study in its second section attempts deeply and carefully to discuss the regional attitude to the Kurdish genocide. In its third section, this study manoeuvres meticulously and academically to look at the international policies and attitudes towards the Kurdish genocide in Iraq. Frankly, this section is a fundamental structure of this study. As, during this period the international powers such as the United States of America has a fox stance to the Kurd. Conclusion of this study demonstrates findings of this study, which are being discovered by its author.

2019-04

گۆڤارا زانكۆیا ‏صه‌لاحه‌دین (یا زانستێن ‏مرۆڤایه‌تی)، ‏ ‏ (Issue : 2) (Volume : 23)

This research attempts to shed light on the foreign policy of Ronald Reagan administration during the first Gulf war and after events 1981- 1989. This study concentrates on using a number of documents, reports and articles, which are depicts many clandestine aspects of the Reagan administration foreign policy toward the Middle East. This article presents the Reagan administration Middle East policy also its position as the merely superpower. The Reagan administration effectively worked for the democracy, equality, peace and stability of the Middle East through backing the freedom militias. The first Gulf war made Reagan administration to alter its foreign policy toward the Middle East rationally. There was not a power to challenge the shadow of the superpower foreign policy and cooperated with the capable power in the region, US had capability to construct its military bases during Iraq-Iran war for aiding; sharing democracy likewise fulfilled the operation staunch and Iran-contra affairs in the eight years war of Iran-Iraq as well as supported the peace process developments. The US increased its contribution in the Middle East to protect the region and its interests also bring the stability to it. Hence, after obtaining its forces position through contributing of democracy and taking opportunity door for the peace process. The unipolar world brought changes into the strategy of US foreign policy and allowed her to escalate its military participation in order to obtain its foreign policy initial achievements . This article is being divided into an introductory, background, three sections and findings. The introduction of this article clarifies the political developments in the region further the US foreign policy. It further clarifies the significance, objectives method and resources are being used in it. In its endeavors, the background of study clears up the Reagan administration and its attitude to the political advancement in the Middle East. Additionally, to get a massive picture of the Reagan administration policy aims in the Middle East. The first section of this article depicts the Reagan doctrine and its principally objectives in the area. The second section of this article presents the Reagan administration policy toward Lebanon the political and military developments in this country and US attitude to it. The third section of this study illustrates the Reagan administration policy towards during the Iran-Iraq war, its efforts and attempts to bring stability and realized its diplomats from Iran. Finally, its finding clarifies the results, which this research has discovered .

2019-03

گۆڤارا زانكۆیا كۆیه‌ ‏‏(یا زانستێن ‏مرۆڤایه‌تی)‏ (Issue : 14) (Volume : 14)

This article is examined the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper between ‎June 1961 and December 1970, during the cold war. As during the period under this study, many events, political ‎and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish question in the Middle East, have been in this ‎newspaper's reports. This newspaper endeavored to explore Kurdish issue and the politics of the regional player ‎specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the Kurdish, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of ‎declaring uprisings and revolts against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America ‎in particular. ‎ This study includes an introductory and background, two sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this ‎article sheds light on the reflection of the September Revolution in Iraqi Kurdistan in the reports of the New York ‎Times Newspaper and how has introduced the Kurdish issue in the Cold war warmness from 1961 to 1962. It ‎furthers show the significance, objectives and method of it. The first section of this article depicts the September ‎revolution in the New York Times Newspaper from 1963 to 1967. It further analyzes this newspaper's attempts of ‎covering events, which were related to the Kurdish issue, politics, military operations, arguments, treaties and ‎policies of Iraqi government with Kurds in addition to attitudes of the regional powers to the Kurds. Additionally, ‎this section sheds light on the New York Time's attempts of introducing the September revolution to the world, ‎Specifically the USA attitude to the Kurdish revolution and its leaders. In its second section, this article attempts to ‎illustrate the September revolution in the New York Times Newspaper from 1968 to 1970. It further analyzes this ‎newspaper's attempts of covering events, which were related to the Kurdish issue, politics, military operations, ‎arguments, treaties and policies of Iraqi government with Kurds in addition to attitudes of the regional powers to the ‎Kurds. Additionally, this section sheds light on the New York Time's attempts of introducing the September ‎revolution to the world, Specifically the USA attitude to the Kurdish revolution and its leaders. ‎

2019-02

Global Journal of Human-‎Social Science: D History, ‎Archaeology & Anthropology (Issue : 2) (Volume : 15)

This article shows an area of key interest in modern-day of the Kurdish military, or a well-‎known Peshmarga force “those who face death” history. The Peshmarga have become an ‎essential of Kurdish sociopolitical culture in the last 100 years. The Peshmarga formally ‎structured by Mustafa Barzani in 1943, they have come to represent the Kurdish ‎nationalist movement in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. Inappropriately, there have ‎been few detailed works at length on the Peshmarga and their link to the Kurdish ‎struggle. Through this paper this link is shown in conjunction with the development of ‎Kurdish military forces. This research paper focuses on the roots of the Peshmarga from ‎‎1891 to 1975. This article outlines the historical roots and genesis of the Kurdish ‎Peshmarga forces and their role in the Kurdish issue in the Middle East especially in Iraq. ‎This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about these ‎parties. It delivers a short history about how the Kurdish Peshmarga force formed; its role ‎in the Kurdish nationalist liberation movement and the Iraqi Kurdish revolts as well. It ‎shows how the Peshmarga forces role developed from insufficient militias to well-trained ‎and organized forces. This article also shows the relations between Peshmarga and its ‎military leaders in struggling. This study explores what were the political and military ‎conditions of Peshmarga from its creation till 1975. It further shows the Peshmarga ‎conditions in the new republic of Iraq. Specific attention is given to relation between the ‎roots of the Peshmarga, the role of the Kurdish forces in the Kurdish revolts, and the ‎emergence of the Barzani’s forces, the Peshmarga’s role in Mahabad Republic and their ‎fate after the collapse of the Mahabad Republic. The Role of the Peshmarga in the Iraqi-‎Kurdish war, as well as their relations with their leaders particularly Mullah Mustafa ‎Barzani. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyze of perspective ‎from some rational materials .This study is used some relevant secondary sources, which ‎are related to this study.‎

2018-03

Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) (Issue : 1) (Volume : 6)

This article depicts the United States of America Foreign Policy in the Middle East through Bill Clinton presidential period between 1993 and 2000. This article has used some documents, reports, articles and secondary sources that are used for the first time for such a study. The Clinton administration foreign policy towards the Middle East is elaborated the United States of America’s position as a sole superpower of the world. The Clinton administration determined by democratizing, equality and peace attempted to open the Middle East. The unipolar world allowed the United States to visibly change its foreign policy with the aim of managing with the Middle East political state of affairs. The lack of having power against the shadow of superpower foreign policy in the region to corporate actions with the only capable power gave the United States of America to have abilities to open its armed forces centers in the Persian Gulf to shore up and contribute democratization, practice Dual Containment policy on Iraq and Iran, and develop the peace process of Arabs and Israelis. The United States increased its involvement in the Middle East to protect the region, generate stability, so acquired its position power in the unipolar world by distributing democratization, opening free markets and advocating peace process. The unipolar world has given increasing changes to the United States of America foreign policy strategy and allowed increasing its armed forces involvement to obtain its foreign policy initiatives.

2017-01

International Journal ‎of Sciences: Basic and ‎Applied Research ‎‎(IJSBAR)‎ (Issue : 1) (Volume : 31)

In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party ‎leadership has consolidated its hold and formed a relatively stable government in a state ‎long noted for its disunity, instability and huge level of political violence. The position of ‎the Baathist leadership has been enhanced by recent successes the dramatic hike in ‎Petroleum prices in 1973, the defeat of Kurds and the accord with Iran in March 1975. ‎These advantages have enabled the Second Baathist government to initiate new ‎approaches to its domestic and foreign policies not possible in the early years of its rule. ‎This article focus on these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating ‎assumption of the Second Baathist leadership in its decision making processes. Since the ‎absence of any comprehensive Agency evaluation of Iraq in present years, a discussion of ‎the second Baathist consolidation of power and the emergence of political, economic and ‎social policies aimed at presenting internal unity and stability is showed along with an ‎analysis of the sources of possible political warfare. This study concludes with an ‎examination of present Iraqi foreign policy objective also their implication for the United ‎States interests in the region. This article outlines the history and genesis of the second ‎Baathist government in Iraq. This study presented a significant amount of positively ‎not published details about these parties. Particular attention is given to link ‎between the second Iraqi Baathist government and its reaction to the political ‎transformation in Iraq. The Baathist government and the National front. The ‎Baathist government regional and international relations. This study is a ‎historical research based on qualitative study .This study is extensively used ‎original texts of the United States Foreign Relations (FUR) documents.‎

2015-05

Journal of Advanced Research ‎in Management and Social ‎Sciences‎ (Issue : 5) (Volume : 5)

With the purpose of understanding the present-day of political dynamics of Iraqi ‎Kurdistan it is essential to explore them historically. Therefore, this study is illustrated the ‎historical background of Iraqi Kurdish political landscape from 1918 to 1998, paying ‎particular attention to why the Kurds of Iraq fought for the right to self-government ‎autonomous state and failed to obtain the political objectives of their rebellions during this ‎time. The periodic Kurdish revolutions in Iraq and their outcomes are presented in ‎chronological order. This study is divided into some sections, namely, the British mandate ‎occupation in 1918 and Sheikh Mahmud’s uprisings; the Barzani’s revolts and the Iraqi ‎kingdom governments. The Kurds and the Iraqi Republic 1958-1968; the Kurds and the ‎Ba’ath regime 1968-1996; the Gulf War and the Kurdish situation; the Kurdish uprising ‎and the United Nations resolution to create safe haven for Kurds as well as Operation ‎Provide Comfort also the international and regional policies towards the Kurds in post-‎Gulf War Iraq. This study also shows the root of internal conflict of the Iraqi Kurds and ‎the reason behind of the Iraqi Kurdish civil War. It presents the role of the regional ‎players in the Kurdish civil war also the regional and international mediation endeavours ‎to end the Kurdish civil war. The reason for choosing this study is that it emergence as a ‎starting point to delineate the Kurdish modern history is that Southern Kurdistan (now ‎Kurdistan Region of Iraq) was occupied by the British army and attached to modern state ‎of Iraq. The rationale behind picking out this period is that it appears as the cut-off point ‎for discussing the Iraqi Kurdish political history is the emergence of the Kurdish ‎opposition party that has altered the Kurdish political dynamics in the region. Before ‎delineating the Iraqi Kurdish. This study is presented a significant account of confidently ‎not publicized details about these parties. Particular attention is given to relation between ‎successive Iraqi governments’ reactions to the Kurds, Kurdish political groups’ challenges, ‎the neigbhouring countries attitude with the Kurdish issue, Anfal campaigns, the Kurdish ‎civil war as well as the regional and international reactions to the Kurdish civil war. .‎

2015-04

International Journal of Sciences:Basic and Applied Research(IJSBAR) (Issue : 2) (Volume : 21)

International Journal of Sciences:Basic and Applied Research(IJSBAR) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of Iraq. Theirleaders recognized the Kurds as the partners with the Sunni and Shiites in new republic of Iraq. They promisedKurds to give them their political and national rights within Iraq. Conversely, these anticipation lived-short;sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administrations and the Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leaders sawno whish, however to seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1961, the first major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. This fighting was keeping on withsome interruptions until 1975. This paper will explore how the Iraqi governments managed with the Kurdishleaders. It examines the three successive Iraqi governments’ policies toward the Kurdish issue, which arelogically and functionally related to Iraqi national policy, constitutional framework, level of regional autonomyand the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between successive Iraqi government policies as well as reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyzeof perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish and non-Kurdish sources

2015-03

International Journal of ‎Sciences: Basic and Applied ‎Research (IJSBAR)‎ (Issue : 2) (Volume : 21)

For the past four decades, internal disputes that sometimes led to armed conflicts have ‎left its fingerprints on the internal political development of the Iraqi Kurdish movement. ‎In all rounds and until nowadays, two political segment groups dominated the conflicts; a ‎group led by Barzani and the other led by Jalal Talabani. This article is explained the ‎background of the PUK-KDP conflict and the events that led to the start of its latest ‎round of civil fighting some years ago, and the events that followed from it until the ‎beginning of the Washington agreement negotiations that started by the visit of David ‎Welch to the Kurdish region and his US government invitation of the two Kurdish ‎leaders to lead delegations of their parties for peace talks in Washington. In this article, ‎the researcher will attempt and lay down the framework and history of the conflict, the ‎peace process, the regional and international mediation attempts and the events that led to ‎the Washington Agreement in addition the events that followed the agreement. This ‎study shows the root of internal conflict of the Iraqi Kurds and the reason behind of the ‎Iraqi Kurdish civil War. The reason for choosing this study is that its emergence as a ‎starting point to outline the roots of the Kurdish civil war in the Kurdistan Region of ‎Iraq. The rationale behind picking out this period is that it appears as the cutting-off point ‎for discussing the Iraqi Kurdish political history is the emergence of the Kurdish ‎opposition party that has changed the Kurdish political landscape in the region. Before ‎starting the Iraqi Kurdish civil war between the KDP and PUK. This study is presented a ‎significant account of confidently not publicized details about these parties. Particular ‎attention is given to relation between the Barzani and Talabani groups’ since 1964, ‎Talabani connection with the Iraqi governments, Kurdish political challenges, the ‎neigbhouring countries involvement in the Kurdish civil war, the peace process, as well as ‎the regional and international reactions to the Kurdish civil war. .‎

2015-02

International Journal of ‎Innovative Research & ‎Development (Issue : 2) (Volume : 4)

Iran has long sought to encourage Iraq to agree to Tehran’s meaning of the border between the two countries, particularly along the Shat-Al-Arab water way. Concerned to establish his own supremacy in the area, the shah has moreover sought to restrict Iraqi influence and covert activities in the region, as well as to eliminate foreign leftist influences at work in Baghdad. The Algiers agreement of early March 1975 between Iran and Iraq appears to have achieved the Shah’s first aim; whether the Shah’s other goals could be attained appears more distrustful. Iraq, has been freed of its entanglement in the Kurdish rebellion and, for the time being of the prospect of a confrontation with Iraq. Baghdad’s foreign relations options have been substantially increased. This article outlines the history and genesis of the implications of the Algiers agreement for the participants, Middle Eastern countries likewise the great powers. This study presented a significant amount of certainly not published details about these parties. It provides a brief history about the Iraq’s disagreement with the Iranian shah. Particular attention is paid to link between Iraq, other Middle Eastern states and the great powers, and their future relations with each other.

2015-02

‎, International Journal of ‎Science and Research (IJSR) (Issue : 2) (Volume : 4)

The Kurdish wishes for a self-governing state was destroyed in March, when Kurdish ‎leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani lost Iranian and U.S support and was forced to evacuate ‎his forces from Iraq. Approximately two million Kurds now face eventual integration into ‎Iraqi society. Iraq and Iran will be burdened with providing long-term economic support ‎for these refugees. Since aid will be required until adequate tasks and housing could be ‎found. This transition was expected to be troublesome due to neither Baghdad nor Tehran ‎intends to allow enclaves of Kurdish nationalist, aspiring toward an independent ‎Kurdistan state, to turn out to be reestablished. ‎ This article outlines the history and genesis of Kurdish refugees’ conditions as ‎well as Kurdish disagreement and political groups in Iraqi Kurdistan after the Kurdish ‎movement collapsed. This study presented a significant amount of certainly not published ‎details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between Iraqi amnesty offer ‎as well as reaction to the Kurds, Iran’s burden and the international aid, as well as ‎Barzani’s health condition. ‎

2015-02

International ‎Journal of ‎Contemporary ‎Applied Sciences, ‎ (Issue : 2) (Volume : 4)

The Iraqi Kurds had long thought efforts lobbying for the United States support for their ‎issue in the new republic of Iraq. But the US had always turned down their efforts ‎because of its interests with its regional allies. Hence this article examines these policy ‎approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the United Stated in its ‎decision making processes regarding the Kurdish issue. This study is focus on the United ‎States interests’ policy regarding the Kurdish issue in Iraq in the context of the US’s ‎seventeen year-long Cold War rivalry with the USSR for influence in Iraq. This article ‎outlines the history and genesis of the United States policy towards the Kurdish issue in ‎Iraq. This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about ‎these parties. It delivers a short history about how the United States policy interests ‎shaped and increased in the Middle East and then in the Iraqi Kurdish issue as well. It ‎shows how successive United States administrations managed with the Kurdish issue. ‎This article also shows the perspectives held by the United States foreign policy in ‎managing with the Kurdish issue. This study explores how the United States had reacted ‎to the Kurdish issue from 1972 onwards. It further shows how successive Iraqi ‎governments handled the Kurdish issue. Specific attention is given to relation between ‎Iraqi Kurds, the United States interests in the Kurdish issue and successive Iraqi ‎governments in managing the Kurdish issue, as well as their relations with each other. ‎This study is a historical research based on qualitative study of viewpoint from some ‎rational materials .This study is used some relevant secondary sources, which are related ‎to this study.‎

2015-02

International Journal of ‎Humanities and Social ‎Science ‎ (Issue : 2) (Volume : 5)

In the first days of the Barzan revolt, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds in ‎Iraq. The Iraqi government negotiated with the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani ‎on their demands. The Iraqi government promised Kurds to solve their issue and ‎give them their political and national rights within Iraq. These anticipation lived-‎short; sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administration and the ‎Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani saw no whish, however to ‎seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1943, the first ‎major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. ‎This fighting was keeping on with some interruptions until 1945. This paper will ‎explore how the Iraqi governments and British authority in Iraq managed with the ‎Kurdish issue. It examines the Iraqi government and British policies towards the ‎Kurdish issue, which are logically and functionally related to Iraqi national ‎policy, and the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a ‎significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. ‎Particular attention is paid to link between Iraqi government also British policies ‎and reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on ‎qualitative analyze of perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish ‎and non-Kurdish sources.‎

2015-02

The International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (Issue : 2) (Volume : 5)

Abstract Iraq is very different state nowadays from what it was when military coup d’états upheaval overturned the pro-Western kingdom and arrangements a radical Arab nationalist governments. Notwithstanding, the strong-Arabcast to the ideology of the inexperienced nationalist officers who dominated Iraq, domestic issue proved sodangerous and so persistent that successive governments were forced to turn inward. This article outlines thehistory and genesis of Iraq’s role in the Middle Eastern problems. This study is presented a noteworthy amount of positively not promulgated details about these parties. Particular attention is given to relation between Iraq alsoother Middle Eastern countries, and their relations with each other. Iraq’s oil and the Kurdish issue

2014-12

Journal of Islamic and Human ‎Advanced Research (Issue : 4) (Volume : 4)

This article is endeavouring to answer the inquiry of the quality of Kurdish leader ‎discernment in predicting, interpreting, likewise replying to U.S Cold War foreign policy ‎during the Kurdish liberation nationalist movement under leadership of Mullah Mustafa ‎Barzani in 1960s until the collapse of the Kurdish movement in 1975. The main objective ‎of this article is forming the geopolitical and personal reason for Kurdish misinterpretation ‎of U.S foreign policy toward them from 1960-1975. Specifically, the decision-making of ‎long time Kurdish nationalist liberation movement leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani will be ‎examine to reveal both personal and wider socio-political interpretations of U.S foreign ‎policy that led Barzani to make up his mind that compromised the livelihoods of the ‎Kurds of Iraq. ‎