2021-10

Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research (Issue : 3) (Volume : 9)

Four types of Kurdistan crude oils have been studied to determine the heavy and trace metals. The significance of determining trace elements that exist in crude oils is helpful for further information about exploration, production and the refining process. In this work crude oil can be separated into products such as (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and atmospheric distillation residue +350°C) by using atmospheric distillation unit and vacuum distillation unit. The trace metals can be determined with acceptable accuracy and precision by spectroscan MAX-G. However, the values of Ni concentration were the best in accuracy among the group of metals of interest. The average values of the results will be employed as reference values of the trace metal content in the coming discussion and using Ni and V as test elements. The crude oil samples are characterized by with a dominance of V over Ni with a V/Ni ratio of 3.7 to 2.5. Trace element analysis of the five metals in crude oils and atmospheric distillation residues +350°C, for each crude oils and atmospheric distillation residues +350°C is investigated, samples of these areas has not been previously examined for trace element contents. In this study to find the relation between metals in crude oils and atmospheric distillation residue of samples. To detect the concentration of trace elements by using this instrument.

2021-09

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research (Issue : 3) (Volume : 11)

The current research aims to improve the cetane number of diesel extracted from the crude oil of Tawke region in Iraqi Kurdistan. A specific mixture of chemical compounds was prepared which included m-nitrophenol, 4-nitro toluene, and nitrobenzene. The components' effects were investigated with regard to the cetane number, flash point, viscosity, and refractive index of diesel. The quantity of each compound mixed with diesel was prepared based on the statistical analysis of the experiment device (Box–Behnken Designs-BBDs). The tested mixture showed a good agreement and improvement of cetane and flash point and a very low effect on viscosity and refractive index. According to the statistical analysis, the main influence on cetane number and the flashpoint was from m-nitrophenol. The investigation showed that the best results were acquired from the samples of 25PPM 4- nitro toluene and 50PPM m-nitrophenol with a cetane number of 65.3. The correlation and the interaction of the regression equation were linear with all cases. It is worth mentioning that all additives positively influenced the cetane number in the regression equation. The sulfur content was measured as well, and the obtained weight percentage of sulfur was 0.8404%

2021-09

International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry (Issue : 7) (Volume : 22)

The feasibility of utilizing petroleum coke as an alternative fuel for cement kilns and other industries was suggesting. The feedstock using in this study are mixture (T-21A+T-5) Tawke and Shekhan PF2 AT residues were obtained from two Iraqi-Kurdistan crude oils by removing distillates boiling point up to 350°C using the atmospheric distillation unit. The coking processing of AT residues at high temperatures to produce gas, coking distillates and petroleum coke. Coking of AT residues were carried out at temperature 450-460°C and atmospheric pressure, at this temperature, the duration of heat treatment of the feed was 2h. 45 min for Tawke and 2h. 15 min for Shekhan. The choice of temperature and time of the experiments was made on the basis that a lower temperature increases the duration of the process, and at a higher temperature a significant reduction in the duration of the process according to GOST methods, it becomes difficult to obtain the target product with the required content of volatile substances. An increase in the duration of the coking process about 3 hours and more in all cases leads to a decrease in the content of volatile substances. The study was suggested petroleum coke can be using instead of fuel oil on industry effectiveness in cost reduction when switched over from fuel oil to petroleum coke. in the last of this work, after allthe measurements and characteristic obtained, two types of treatment scheme were proposed for how to refine these types of crude oils, which give petroleum products with a high sulfur content. The research proposed the technological, ecological and economic aspects of petroleum coke as fuel, including high sulfur content, use as energy in the electrical field (electro energy), and as an alternative fuel for cement production and metallurgical manufacture.

2021-01

2018 International Conference on Advanced Science and Engineering (ICOASE)

For the first time, a determination of the total content of oil fractions in KRG was made using two samples of Kurdistan crude oils on the basis of the n-d-M method. To determine the structural-group composition of crude oil, it was proposed to use Tawke T-21A and Shekhan PF2 Crude oils. This paper is devoted to the study structural group of crude oil of different deposited differs from each other in physical and chemical properties. Since the properties of the oil determine the direction and application in petroleum refinery of its processing, to assess the quality of oil n-d-M method.

2021-01

nternational Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Evaluation of crude oil and its residue using derivatography, is one of the most common physical and chemical methods analytical research. Crude oil residues 350+ obtain from two Iraq-Kurdistan crudes (Tawke T-21A well and Shekhan PF2 well) by using atmospheric distillation after removing all volatile fractions. The sample characterized by direvatographic method. The thermo analysis, reactions were carried out at temperature range 20-700℃ for reaction time 68 min. These derivatograph curves show the weight change and heat energy (Enthalpy) change as the function of time and temperature. It shows that the crude oil residues have different composition. The curve which marks the weight changes of the sample heated is the thermogravimetric curve, TGA. Whereas the curve, which records heat energy or enthalpy changes during thermal decomposition is the DTA or differential thermoanalytic. By means of the derivatograph, it is possible to record simultaneously curve of weight change (TG), and enthalpy change (DTA) as a function of temperature. This method analysis shows good evaluation of these two crude oil well.

2019-01

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

The chemical and physical properties of three different crude oils and two natural gas wells in Kurdistan-Iraq have been studied according to American Standard Test Method (ASTM) methods. Auto-distillations have been used to determine the changes in each cut, and gas–liquid chromatography has been used to find the approximate chemical constituents. A distribution diagram of paraffin, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons has been created. The gasoline cuts for each crude oil have been examined to find suitable octane additives (oxygenated or metal organic). The octane number increases as a function of the amount of additives, which has been plotted. A correlation between the trace metals and the types of hydrocarbons has been carried out for each crude oil. The improvement of these crude oils is achieved catalytically by reactions at high temperatures using different local clays, which gave us increases in lighter molecules by 7%(max). Chemical reactions are suggested for this improvement. X-ray analysis is also performed for each clay. Research is carried out on one gas–liquid well (Khor Mor) and another pure natural gas well. Gas chromatography analysis for Khor Mor shows 51% C1–C5 and 49% C6–C11, while other natural gas wells contain 98% methane. The natural gas of the Kirkuk wells contained approximately 10–12% hydrogen sulfide, which we separated using ethanolamines, and converted to hydrogen fuel and sulfur at two pilot plants using a new catalyst instead of the previous Clause process, producing about 143 tons of hydrogen per day.

2017-03

Science Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 1) (Volume : 5)

The straight run diesel cuts of crude oil from T-8 and T-16 Tawke well-Zakho have been examined (qualitative and quantitative). Physical properties such as (density, API, viscosity, cloud point, flash point, water content, sulfur content…. etc.) of this crude oil and diesel product have been measured according to the ASTM method. To improve chemical constituents of these crude oils and increasing the diesel distillation volume cuts by using three types of local clays, X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of these clays have been done, a series experiments have been done at a different percentage of local clays and different time of reflux for Tawke wells T-8 and T-16 crude oil. These experiments were performed, in order to optimize the best clay and percentage, as well as finding the suitable reflux time to enhance the volume of the fraction at (200-320) C. The figures have been plotted to find the optimum percentage weight for each clay, time of reflux, and temperatures. The change in chemical constitutes of these crude oils have been monitored by gas chromatography and tabulated in tables.

2015-01

International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry (IRJPAC) (Issue : 1) (Volume : 10)

The removal of sulfur compounds from Tawke diesel fuel is processed by the use of granular Na-Y type zeolite, MOR type zeolite, molecular sieve 3A type, local clay and activated charcoal. The results are characterized by sulfur meter and infrared spectroscopy to improve the results of desulfurization process. It is clear Apparently from our results that the desulfurization by activated charcoal is more efficient than by the clay, zeolite type and almost reach more than 20%.

2014-01

Science Journal of University of Zakho (Issue : 2) (Volume : 2)

Photocatalytic degradation of acid alizarin black (AAB) dye (CI 21725) in aqueous solution was investigated using UV light in the presence of powder of titanium dioxide (P-TiO 2) and nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (N-TiO 2) as a catalyst. The operating conditions were catalyst dosage (10 and 20 mg/L) and initial concentration of AAB dye (10 and 20 mg/L). It was found that the increasing of catalyst concentration enhanced the dye decolourisation. Both catalysts exerted positive effects on the AAB removal whilst the initial concentration of AAB negatively affected its removal.