Between 2021 and 2024, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) replaced its traditional foreign currency auction with a compliance-driven electronic platform aligned with SWIFT protocols, anti-money laundering (AML) directives, and counter-terrorism financing (CFT)requirements. This shift constituted a structural rupture in how Iraqi market participants accessed U.S. dollars. This paper examines the economic consequences of that rupture, focusing on the behaviour of the parallel exchange rate. Through theoretical, chronological, and econometric lenses, the study argues that the widening parallel market premium during 2023 was driven less by deteriorating macroeconomic fundamentals than by institutional friction embedded in the platform’s early operational design. The central finding is that every ten-percentage-point rise in the platform’s rejection rate corresponded to a three-to-five percent depreciation of the Iraqi dinar in informal markets, even as CBI reserves exceeded one hundred billion U.S. dollars. The paper documents partial stabilisation from late 2023 onward, driven by improved banking-sector compliance capacity and bilateral currency settlement arrangements, while acknowledging that a structurally rooted residual premium persists. This study is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first to model the platform’s operational performance—proxied by its monthly rejection rate—as a direct econometric determinant of the parallel exchange rate within an ARDL framework, introducing compliance friction as a measurable institutional variable. The paper contributes a novel institutional channel to the parallel exchange rate literature and offers evidence-based guidance for sequencing compliance reforms in state-dominated foreign exchange systems.

This study examines the impact of rentier dependence on the effectiveness of economic policies in Iraq during the period 2004–2024 by analyzing the relationship between several macroeconomic variables—such as oil revenues, government spending, inflation, money supply, and exchange rates—and their influence on economic performance. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizes econometric models (ARDL and NARDL) to measure short- and long-term relationships. The results revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables under study, alongside the Iraqi economy's continued heavy reliance on oil revenues—a dependency that renders it vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. It was also found that negative shocks to oil revenues have a greater impact on economic growth than positive shocks, whereas the impact of government spending remained limited due to the predominance of current expenditure over investment expenditure. Furthermore, the results indicated that the money supply positively influences economic activity, while the effects of inflation and the exchange rate were relatively weak. The study recommends adopting structural reforms to diversify revenue sources, boost non-oil sectors, and improve the efficiency of public resource management in order to achieve sustainable economic growth in Iraq.

This study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in India over the period 2004–2024 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, incorporating key macroeconomic variables including government expenditure, foreign direct investment, population growth, and inflation. The results reveal a stable long‑run equilibrium relationship among the variables, indicating that renew‑ able energy consumption has a negative and statistically significant impact on economic growth in the long run, which may be attributed to adjustment costs associated with the transition toward cleaner energy systems, while government expenditure also shows a negative effect and population growth contributes positively to economic performance; in contrast, foreign direct investment and inflation do not exhibit significant long‑run effects. Overall, the findings suggest that the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth in India is complex and shaped by structural and policy‑related factors, and from an environmental perspective, the expansion of renewable energy can contribute to reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and supporting long‑term sustainability despite potential short‑term economic trade‑offs. In addition, the short‑run dynamics indicate temporary adjustments to‑ ward equilibrium following shocks in the system, reinforcing the importance of gradual policy implementation and supportive institutional frameworks to enhance the effectiveness of renewable energy policies in promoting sus‑ tainable economic development in India. Overall, the study highlights the dual role of renewable energy as both an economic and environmental driver within the broader context of sustainable growth strategies.

This study examines the relationship between oil revenues and inflation dynamics in Iraq, a rentier economy highly dependent on oil as its primary source of public finance. Given the limitations of conventional inflation measures, the study adopts the GDP deflator as a more comprehensive indicator of price changes across the economy. The main objective is to analyze both the short-run and long-run effects of oil revenues and selected macroeconomic variables on the GDP deflator over the period 2004–2022. Thestudy employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, which is suitable for small sample sizes and allows for the estimation of dynamic relationships among variables with mixed orders of integration.The findings reveal that broad money supplysignificantly influences the GDP deflator in the short run, while oil revenues exert a positive and statistically significant effect in the long run, confirming their dominant role in driving inflation. In contrast, variables such as the exchange rate, government expenditure, and tax revenues do not show significant long-term effects. These results indicate that inflation in Iraq is primarily demand-driven through oil revenue channels, reflecting structural dependence on the oil sector.The study concludesthat effective management of oil revenues, alongside coordinated fiscal and monetary policies and economic diversification, is essential to achieving price stability and sustainable economic growth in oil-dependent economies.

Purpose - This study explores how fiscal policy influences economic growth in Iraq during the period 2004–2024, with a particular focus on the challenges faced by oil-dependent economies. Method - To achieve this objective, the study applies the ARDL model to examine both short-term adjustments and long-term relationships using annual time-series data. The analysis includes key macroeconomic variables such as GDP, government expenditure, oil revenues, tax revenues, money supply, and exchange rate. The Phillips–Perron test is used to ensure data stationarity. Result - The results indicate that economic growth in Iraq is closely tied to fluctuations in oil revenues, which largely drive fiscal activity. Government spending follows oil income patterns but shows limited independent impact in the long run. In contrast, non-oil fiscal tools, particularly taxation, play a relatively weak role, reflecting the narrow fiscal base of the economy. Implication - These findings suggest that improving fiscal policy effectiveness requires reducing reliance on oil revenues, strengthening the tax system, and enhancing the efficiency of public spending. Originality - This study presents a comprehensive assessment by combining numerous financial variables within a unified economic model, giving a clearer understanding of how fiscal policy works in a resource-based economy like Iraq.

Investment in the energy sector constitutes a key pillar for achieving sustainable economic growth and addressing unemployment, particularly in developing and rentier economies such as Iraq and Sudan. Economic literature indicates that energy investment contributes to stimulating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), enhancing exports (Eg), increasing foreign direct investment inflows (FDI), and raising per capita income (Pc), in addition to its capacity to absorb labor (Wo) and reduce unemployment rates (Up). Empirical studies further show that the impact of energy investment is not confined to a single sector but extends across various economic activities through both direct and indirect effects on the labor market. In light of challenges faced by Iraq and Sudan, such as oil price volatility and weak infrastructure, diversifying energy sources and relying on renewable energies emerge as strategic options to combat unemployment and strengthen economic stability. International experiences (Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan) indicate that integrating fiscal and monetary policies with energy strategies enhances growth and reduces economic and social disparities. Thus, investment in energy represents a dual-purpose tool for achieving energy security and mitigating unemployment.

This research aims to analyze and measure the impact of currency issuance on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices in Iraq, under the fluctuations of the parallel exchange rate during the period (2004–2024). The study is based on the hypothesis that monetary policy, represented by money issuance, directly and indirectly affects economic growth. However, this relationship may be influenced by structural variables and economic shocks that Iraq experienced throughout the study period. The research employs unit root tests with structural breaks to determine the stationarity and cointegration properties of the variables. The results indicate that GDP and the exchange rate are integrated of order one( I (1)), while the issued currency is stationary at the level. Relying on the regression approach with the inclusion of structural changes using the Indicator Saturation Methods (SIS), the findings reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between issued currency and economic growth, reflecting the role of expansionary monetary policy in supporting economic activity. Conversely, the parallel exchange rate was found to have no significant direct effect on growth, due to the Central Bank’s intervention in stabilizing the dinar through the currency auction. The study concludes that issued currency represents the most influential variable on economic growth in Iraq, whereas the impact of exchange rate volatility remains limited, reflecting the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and its near-total dependence on oil revenues.

The study aimed to use Arima models to predict the impact of money supply on inflation in Iraq during the period from 2000 to 2030. The study problem was summarized as follows: a rapid increase in money supply that exceeds GDP growth rates leads to higher inflation rates. The study relied on the methodology of descriptive analysis and the combination of autoregressive models and moving averages. The study reached a number of results, including: that money supply does not have a significant impact on inflation during the period from 2000 to 2030.

This study attempts to investigate how fiscal policy instruments affect economic growth and how they contribute to Turkey's sustainable development. Fiscal policy is the term used to describe how the government uses taxing, spending, and borrowing to affect the overall state of the economy. The study looks into the unique fiscal policy initiatives put into place in Turkey and assesses their effects on economic expansion with a focus on sustainability. It also covers the Turkish government's opportunities and difficulties in implementing sound fiscal policy to promote sustainable development. The research may influence governments worldwide to cope with similar challenges and opportunities.

Since South Africa is in pursuit of accomplishing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, it has become pertinent to accelerate the desired energy transition. Against this background, this work aims to evaluate the effects of oil prices, fiscal policy, and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption in South Africa from 1979 to 2019. Using the novel Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach, this study finds that economic growth and taxation revenues positively promote renewable energy in South Africa. In contrast, the findings show that an increase in oil prices has a negative impact on renewable energy in both short and long periods. Likewise, the research shows that foreign direct investment was not found to enhance renewable energy. The findings from fully modified-OLS, dynamic ordinary least squares, and canonical cointegrating regression models corroborate the findings of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method. For the Granger causality inference, the findings demonstrate that there is a one-way causal connection detected from economic growth to the consumption of renewable energy. Based on these outcomes, a policy framework has been offered to help South Africa to attain the sustainable development goals.

The research the impact of the decline in world oil prices on the state budget for Iraq analytical study of the period 2004 - 2013, in order to know the impact of the decline in world oil prices on the state budget in Iraq and use its oil revenue to diversify the GDP sources, and assume the study, said the drop in oil prices risks and several Problems in the preparation of the general budget in Iraq, which activation requires the role of the income of non-oil sources in obtaining fiscal revenue so as to avoid the risk and problematic drop in oil prices in the general budget of the Dolh.olthakiq goal and hypothesis has been divided into three parts, which included the first part Besides the theoretical it has titled the historical development of the public budget in Iraq,