Investment in the energy sector constitutes a key pillar for achieving sustainable economic growth and addressing unemployment, particularly in developing and rentier economies such as Iraq and Sudan. Economic literature indicates that energy investment contributes to stimulating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), enhancing exports (Eg), increasing foreign direct investment inflows (FDI), and raising per capita income (Pc), in addition to its capacity to absorb labor (Wo) and reduce unemployment rates (Up). Empirical studies further show that the impact of energy investment is not confined to a single sector but extends across various economic activities through both direct and indirect effects on the labor market. In light of challenges faced by Iraq and Sudan, such as oil price volatility and weak infrastructure, diversifying energy sources and relying on renewable energies emerge as strategic options to combat unemployment and strengthen economic stability. International experiences (Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan) indicate that integrating fiscal and monetary policies with energy strategies enhances growth and reduces economic and social disparities. Thus, investment in energy represents a dual-purpose tool for achieving energy security and mitigating unemployment.

This research aims to analyze and measure the impact of currency issuance on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices in Iraq, under the fluctuations of the parallel exchange rate during the period (2004–2024). The study is based on the hypothesis that monetary policy, represented by money issuance, directly and indirectly affects economic growth. However, this relationship may be influenced by structural variables and economic shocks that Iraq experienced throughout the study period. The research employs unit root tests with structural breaks to determine the stationarity and cointegration properties of the variables. The results indicate that GDP and the exchange rate are integrated of order one( I (1)), while the issued currency is stationary at the level. Relying on the regression approach with the inclusion of structural changes using the Indicator Saturation Methods (SIS), the findings reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between issued currency and economic growth, reflecting the role of expansionary monetary policy in supporting economic activity. Conversely, the parallel exchange rate was found to have no significant direct effect on growth, due to the Central Bank’s intervention in stabilizing the dinar through the currency auction. The study concludes that issued currency represents the most influential variable on economic growth in Iraq, whereas the impact of exchange rate volatility remains limited, reflecting the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and its near-total dependence on oil revenues.

The study aimed to use Arima models to predict the impact of money supply on inflation in Iraq during the period from 2000 to 2030. The study problem was summarized as follows: a rapid increase in money supply that exceeds GDP growth rates leads to higher inflation rates. The study relied on the methodology of descriptive analysis and the combination of autoregressive models and moving averages. The study reached a number of results, including: that money supply does not have a significant impact on inflation during the period from 2000 to 2030.

This study attempts to investigate how fiscal policy instruments affect economic growth and how they contribute to Turkey's sustainable development. Fiscal policy is the term used to describe how the government uses taxing, spending, and borrowing to affect the overall state of the economy. The study looks into the unique fiscal policy initiatives put into place in Turkey and assesses their effects on economic expansion with a focus on sustainability. It also covers the Turkish government's opportunities and difficulties in implementing sound fiscal policy to promote sustainable development. The research may influence governments worldwide to cope with similar challenges and opportunities.

Since South Africa is in pursuit of accomplishing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, it has become pertinent to accelerate the desired energy transition. Against this background, this work aims to evaluate the effects of oil prices, fiscal policy, and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption in South Africa from 1979 to 2019. Using the novel Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach, this study finds that economic growth and taxation revenues positively promote renewable energy in South Africa. In contrast, the findings show that an increase in oil prices has a negative impact on renewable energy in both short and long periods. Likewise, the research shows that foreign direct investment was not found to enhance renewable energy. The findings from fully modified-OLS, dynamic ordinary least squares, and canonical cointegrating regression models corroborate the findings of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method. For the Granger causality inference, the findings demonstrate that there is a one-way causal connection detected from economic growth to the consumption of renewable energy. Based on these outcomes, a policy framework has been offered to help South Africa to attain the sustainable development goals.

The research the impact of the decline in world oil prices on the state budget for Iraq analytical study of the period 2004 - 2013, in order to know the impact of the decline in world oil prices on the state budget in Iraq and use its oil revenue to diversify the GDP sources, and assume the study, said the drop in oil prices risks and several Problems in the preparation of the general budget in Iraq, which activation requires the role of the income of non-oil sources in obtaining fiscal revenue so as to avoid the risk and problematic drop in oil prices in the general budget of the Dolh.olthakiq goal and hypothesis has been divided into three parts, which included the first part Besides the theoretical it has titled the historical development of the public budget in Iraq,