Milk contains a protein called kappa-casein, which controls the function and size of milk micelles as well as their ability to form and stabilize. Kappa-Casein gene (CSN3) polymorphisms were investigated in 70 Domestic (Native and Meriz goat) and Wild goat using the PCR-RFLP method and direct sequencing. CSN3-Hea III/RFLP revealed two homozygous genotypes AA and BB. For the AA and BB genotypes, the computed genotype frequencies were (0.87) and (0.13), respectively. The allelic frequency was 0.87 for the A allele and 0.13 for the B allele. The sequence data of CSN3 gene of Meriz and Wild goats revealed 2 SNPs in functional region, one SNP of Wild (ACC. No: OR050625.1), and one in Meriz goat (ACC. No: OR050626.1). In position 415 in Wild goat, the amino acid Methionine changed to Isoleucine by changing (ATG) to (ATA). On the other hand, the point mutation in Meriz goat at the positions 449 led to change amino acid Valine to Isoleucine by alternation (GTC) to (ATC). The PCR-RFLP and SNP analysis is a powerful tool for the genetic study of CSN3 variability in domestic and wild goats, allowing both the simultaneous identification of different alleles, and the detection of new variants. Establishing relationships between genotypes and both quantitative and qualitative milk qualities will require additional investigation.

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Iraq and the world. It includes many species and varieties. The two major cultivated species of wheat are, durum wheat (Tritium durum Desf.) which is tetraploid (2n= 28) and the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is hexaploid (2n = 42). Ten wheat varieties from both species were examined using ten Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (WMC17, WMC20, WMC21, WMC24, WMC25, WMC48, WMC50, WMC283, Xgwm11 and Xgwm626). Various genetic parameters were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. A total of 156 alleles were detected in both species. The gene diversity in wheat varieties from both species collectively varied from 0.85 to 1.00, which indicates considerable genetic diversity in the examined varieties. All markers used in this study were highly informative and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values were higher than 0.50 in all loci. Hence all markers are considered useful for genetic diversity studies in wheat’s populations. The dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades and many subgroups. Azadi variety was simplicifolious. This study confirms the discriminating power of SSR typing and its usefulness for comparison within hard and soft wheat populations.