his paper underscores the pressing need to address resilience and sustainability in the face of constant challenges,environmental threats, and rapid changes in living conditions. In response, an interdisciplinary and holistic approachis deemed crucial, with engineering science playing a pivotal role in adapting to global conditions. The focus of thisresearch is on identifying sustainability-related parameters for sustainable façades during the preliminary designphase and assessing existing decision support tools. Through a comparative analysis of methods in architecturaldesign, environmental engineering, and structural design, the authors aim to enhance the understanding ofsustainable architectural design concepts. The study specifically examines three façades in Zakho, Iraq, employingspecific criteria such as diverse building types, locations, and design timelines. The last three steps of thepreliminary design stage are emphasized for façade design optimization, a critical aspect influencing overallbuilding performance and sustainability parameters. Various methods, including forecasting and backcasting, areconsidered alongside post-occupancy evaluation tools, incorporating factors like window-to-wall ratio, shadowelements, material selection, and natural lighting techniques. The research findings highlight the significance of awindow ratio between 60% and 75% in the city's buildings, particularly given the prevalent single-facadearchitecture. Material selection emerges as a crucial factor impacting thermal performance, and strategic placementof insulation materials is identified as vital for optimizing energy efficiency. The article underscores the importanceof informed decisions in choosing a building's location, initiating with site selection, and educating designers aboutthe environmental implications of building orientation on overall well-being (1) (PDF) EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE FAÇADE SOLUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ZAKHO, IRAQ. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381744403_EXPLORING_SUSTAINABLE_FACADE_SOLUTIONS_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_RESIDENTIAL_BUILDINGS_IN_ZAKHO_IRAQ [accessed Oct 03 2024].

ABSTRACT The increasing issue of plastic waste has become detrimental to human society, particularly with the increase in disposable plastic bottles in many countries. This study investigates the impact of incorporating plastic bottle waste fibers on the slump, density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete. This material was selected for its cost-effectiveness and wide availability, addressing the prevalent global concern of environmental pollution resulting from inadequate waste management practices. This study describes a systematic plan to fabricate and test cubes, cylinders, and beams using Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC). A comparative analysis was performed between concrete reinforced with plastic bottle waste fibers, in varying ratios of 1, 2, and 3%, and plain concrete. The results showed a positive impact on concrete strength with fiber addition, although at the expense of reduced workability and decreased concrete density. In particular, a significant improvement in the ductility of the concrete was observed. The analysis shows that a fiber ratio of 2% emerges as the most optimal dosage to achieve improved concrete properties. This study provides valuable insights into the imperative pursuit of sustainable concrete production and the environmental challenges posed by plastic waste.

Due to increasing use of ornament in contemporary architecture, this study comes to work on a clearer understanding of the ornament in architecture, through past and present, also, the use of ornament skin as symbiotic in contemporary architecture. The spaces during which we live play an essential role in human identity. For the search purpose two case study of having the same cultural principle, though they are different in time and place, had taken. The two cases are Al-Hamra palace in Spain, Al-Bahar towers in Abu- Dhabi. In architecture, each element has meaning and significance. Ornamentation is an element of architecture style it represents, different meanings depending on the surface and the place that ornament it. There’s always a particular pattern that appears between different periods, and these architectural styles are Influences from some specific effects. Architecture is a complex arrangement of relationships, materialized in architecture are ideas related to the structure and nature and how these two types of interaction react to make a harmonious architecture. Overall, ornament became a major component in the architecture. It progressing steps across being functional in addition to being aesthetical ornaments. Moreover, new building materials continue to emerge, new structural and technical solutions have been found for the interface outline and expression. The biggest fear is looking at the streets and finding that the buildings have changed into geometric shapes with ornament without any content. On the other hand, future architects must create spaces for the development of the human spirit, through which a person can perceive its essence and identity, and art is the best feature to do this task. The ornament can it be used such as tool in cultural sustainability, to determine the culture

This paper attempts to describe the different orientations in architectural decoration that arose as a result of human existence and its relation to his environment. Throughout history, decoration has been a bridge connecting the building to the environment, connecting people with history and culture. And it has been an instrument of the local identity of the building and the whole environment within the framework of the idea of sustainability, which consists of three foundations (economic, environmental and cultural). Within this texture in this study, decorative details and patterns are evaluated, in order to understand the effects of factors on cultures. From one culture to another, it is discussed in connection with the comparison of the Moorish and Greek decoration. As a result, this study has determined decorative orientations in the Mediterranean architecture and its influence on sustainable development. Keywords: Decoration, Cultural Sustainability, Style, Identity, Greek, Moorish