English العربية کوردی

ئەز   Ali Mohammed Qader

Lecturer

Specialties

The Contemporary History of Kurds

ali.qader@uoz.edu.krd
9647504312167
Iraq , Summel, Duhok
0
Awards
8
Published Journal Articles
3
Thesis
10
Training Course

0
Book Chapter
3
Conference
0
Presentation
0
Workshop

Education

PhD in History

Deparrtment of History لە Debrecen University

2024

Mater of Arts in history

History لە University of Huddersfield

2013

Bachelor

History لە Zakho

2010

Academic Title

Lecturer

2017-05-15

Assistant Lecturer

2014-04-13

Published Journal Articles

مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية (Issue : 6) (Volume : 8)
Lynch Company's River Navigation Franchises in Mesopotamia: Economic Control and Local Responses 1860-1908

During the 19th century, the advantageous geographical position of Mesopotamia and its access to river... See more

During the 19th century, the advantageous geographical position of Mesopotamia and its access to river transportation via the Tigris and Euphrates rivers drew the attention of foreign enterprises, notably the British, as the Ottoman State's power declined. The British enjoyed privileges in trade and navigation, leading to limited domestic production and imported goods. They focused on transportation routes, oil resources, and defending its commercial interests in the Middle East. They established a railway project, gaining diplomatic immunity and privileges in river navigation. The British Lynch Company's River Navigation franchises in Mesopotamia from 1860 to 1908 were significant. This research examines the historical significance and outcomes of these franchises, focusing on the economic control strategies used by the company and the reactions of the local population. The study found that British companies, like the Lynch Company, took advantage of trade benefits, leading to a dependence on imported commodities and limited local manufacturing. Moreover, the British steamships, particularly those operated by the Lynch Company, had a dominant position in river trade in Basra. Britain's desire for Mesopotamia was motivated by geopolitical, economic, and political factors, such as protecting transit lines and countering competing forces from France and Russia. The use of steam power transformed transportation by replacing sailing vessels and facilitating swifter river traffic. Further research should explore the societal and ecological impacts of British business endeavours in Mesopotamia during this time frame.

 2024-06
المجلة العربية للعلوم و نشر الأبحاث (Issue : 2) (Volume : 10)
Balfour's Legacy: Britain, Zionism, and the Controversial Path to Israel's Establishment

The research provides an overview of the rise of the Zionist movement, starting from the... See more

The research provides an overview of the rise of the Zionist movement, starting from the establishment of the Jewish Colonial Society in 1891 by Maurice de Hirsch, leading to the formation of the World Zionist Organization and the creation of the Jewish National Fund in 1901. It discusses the controversial debates over the location of a Jewish homeland, including the Uganda Scheme, and the advocacy for Palestine by figures like Herzl. The impact of World War I on the Middle East was influenced by the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which supported the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. The British Mandate in Palestine, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, had significant impacts on Jewish immigration, Arab displacement, and the road to statehood. The United Nations eventually issued a resolution in 1947 to divide Palestine into two states, one for Jews and one for Arabs. This was accepted by Jews but rejected by Arab states. Great Britain's actions towards the end of the mandate aimed to frustrate the establishment of the Jewish state envisioned by the United Nations plan. Drawing on primary and secondary sources from esteemed archives such as the British Library and personal accounts, this research seeks to elucidate the complex historical backdrop, contextualizing key decisions and conflicts that ultimately shaped the creation of the State of Israel. The analysis aims to provide nuanced insights into divergent perspectives held by Palestinians and Israelis regarding the resolution of this enduring conflict, rooted in a legacy of geopolitical manoeuvring and …

 2024-06
Modern Economy (Issue : 3) (Volume : 15)
The British Economic Interests in Mesopotamia 1914-1918: A Study of Securing Oil, Trade, and Commercial Path

This paper explores the relationship between British economic interests, oil exploration, commerce, and imperial policy... See more

This paper explores the relationship between British economic interests, oil exploration, commerce, and imperial policy in Mesopotamia from 1914 to 1918. It focuses on the reasons behind British involvement, strategies used to achieve economic dominance, and the repercussions on the region’s economic and political landscape. The study uses a historical analysis approach, examining key events like the Mesopotamia campaign, the Gallipoli campaign, and the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The British government’s interest in Mesopotamia was primarily driven by economic considerations, particularly the discovery of oil in Abadan. The British government sought to secure commercial areas like the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea to protect its oil interests and maintain control over trade routes. The paper also highlights the contentious debates between Great Britain and France regarding the division of the Near East for economic ambitions, culminating in the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916. The paper underscores the complex relationship between British economic interests, imperial strategy, and the emergence of the oil industry in Mesopotamia, emphasizing its enduring impact on the region’s economic, social, and political development.

 2024-03
The Journal of Debrecen University (Issue : 4) (Volume : 6)
The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Near East 1869–1914

Abstract The development of railways, the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the generation... See more

Abstract The development of railways, the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the generation of electric power contributed to the growth of Europe`s industrial economies and compounded their need to seek new areas of expansion. For ages, European commercial ships travelled long distances to reach India. Thus, European powers found it necessary to build the Suez Canal in 1869, which reduced some 4,500 miles of distance between Europe and India. The emergence of Germany as a strong European power after the unification of 1871 and its commercial and political incursions into the Near East has heightened British anxiety about its economic interests in the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the emergence of oil in Mesopotamia and Persia significantly increased the importance of the Near East for filling European economic needs. As this region was located on the British trade route to India, it was clear that Britain would be one of the first competitors to control the region commercially. The momentous decision to transition the Royal Navy from coal to oil was decided, and efforts were made to ensure the flow of oil. This resulted in the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909 and the Anglo-Ottoman Concession of 1913. Keywords; Imperialism, Britain, Near East, Suze Canal, Belin-Baghdad Railway, Commercial Rivalry, Oil.

 2022-04
The Journal of Debrecen University (Issue : 73) (Volume : 29)
The Effect of the Great War on the Role of Women in the British Society

Abstract The Great War benefited British women by giving them the right to vote and... See more

Abstract The Great War benefited British women by giving them the right to vote and by allowing them to participate in the workforce. British women during and after the war found themselves in some areas that they had dreamed about in the era before the war, such as factories, nursing, and the military sector. This turning point in women's role in society happened in the early stages of the war, as the war's needs had forced the British government to call for enlistment. Thus, an enormous number of males had registered, which had left a massive gap in the workforce that needed female power.

 2022-01
كوفارا زانكويا زاخو (Issue : 3) (Volume : 4)
هه لويستىَ روزناما كارديان يابريتانى ز كيشا كوردى ل عيراقىَ

الملخص: 1975 ) موضوع الصحافة الداخلية - أصبحت الحركة التحررية الكردية في شمال العراق وصراعها ضد الحكومة العراقية خلال ( 1970 ذه 􀄑 ا 􀄓 ا كانت واحدة من أكثر الموضوعات أهميةً في الشرق الأوسط. فقد ملأت (صحيفة الجارديان) البريطانية صفحا 􀄔 والخارجية، لأ الأحداث التي وقعت بين الثورة الكردية وحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في بغداد خلال تلك السنوات الخمس. وأيضاً لا بد من القول بأن (صحيفة الجارديان) كانت تسجل الأحداث مباشرةً من قلب الحدث وعند اندلاعه. تعد صحيفة (التآخي) لسان حال الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني، إذ كانت تدافع عن الحركة التحررية الكردية. بينما، صحيفة (الزوراء)، لسان حال حزب البعث الاشتراكي، كانت تشجع تلك القرارات التي تتخذها الحكومة العراقية ضد الأكُرد. ولكن، (صحيفة الجارديان) في ا ونشرها للأحداث التي كانت تجري بينهما، وسيما تلك الأحداث التي ظهرت بعد توقيع اتفاقية مارس 􀄓 هذا الصدد كانت محايدة في كتابا من عام 1970 ، حتى التوقيع على اتفاقية الجزائر في مارس عام 1975 ، بين العراق وإيران. وفي هذا اﻟﻤﺠال، أظهرت الجارديان موقفها المحايد تجاه الثورة الكُرد، بل ربما عكس تعاطفها مع الثورة، ففي واحدة من تلك المواقف ذكرت الجارديان أن من مطالب الثورة من أجل الاستقلال هي حقوق مشروعة للأكراد.

 2017-03
مجلة جامعة نوروز (Issue : 1) (Volume : 6)
الصحافي واللورد البريطاني كيلبراكن وموقفه من القضية الكوردية

أولى الصحافيون الاجانب إهتماما كبيراً بالقضية الكوردية لكونها من القضايا الهامة في منطقة الشرق الاوسط ولهذا عندما اندلعت الثورة الكوردية في 11 ايلول 1961 قصد الكثير من هؤلاء الصحافيين معاقل الثورة الكوردية وعرضوا حياتهم للخطر في سبيل ايصال اخبار الثورة الكوردية الى العالم . وقد ألف الكثير من هؤلاء كتبا خاصة عن رحلاتهم وزياراتهم تلك فيما بقيت مقالات الكثير منهم في ثنايا الصحف والمجلات ولم يطلع عليها الا القليل . يعد الصحافي واللورد البريطاني كيلبراكن واحدا من اهم الصحافيين والبرلمانيين البريطانيين الذين اهتموا بالقضية الكوردية ولذلك زار كوردستان ثلاث مرات و نشر الكثير من المقالات عن الكورد وقضيتهم وقدضمت المادة الصحافية التي نشرها معلومات وتحليلات تاريخية هامة . كما ان اللورد حرص على الدفاع عن الكورد في مجلس اللوردات البريطاني وحاول مساعدة الكورد بإنشاء جمعية الصداقة البريطانية - الكوردية ، ودام اهتمامه بالقضية الكوردية حتى وفاته سنة 2006. الكلمات الدالة : كوردستان ، اللورد كيلبراكن ، القضية الكوردية

 2017-01
مجلة جامعة زاخو (Issue : 2) (Volume : 3)
1920 - حركات بهدينان ضد الاستعمار البريطاني بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى 1918

الخلاصة: تحاول الدراسة تحديد الحركات التي قام بها اهالي منطقة بهدينان ضد قوات الإحتلال البريطانية. تعد تلك الحركات إحدى الخطوات التي اتخذها الثوار الكرد في عام ٩١٩١ في سبيل تحرير كردستان من قيود البريطانيين. كما تعد ايضاً بداية لإندلاع الثورة العراقية المسمى ب )ثورة العشرين(. ولكن على الرغم من أهمية تلك الحركات لم تلقِ عناية اغلبية المؤرخين الذين تحدثوا عن أوضاع ك ردستان بعد الحرب العالمية الاولى، إلا ما كان من أمر المؤرخ عبدالمنعم الغلامي الذي بحث فيها بشكل تفصيلي في كتابة )ثورتنا في شمال العراق(. كان هناك دوافع عده وراء إندلاع الحركات الكردية ومنها: سوء الإدارة البريطانية، إذ اساء البريطانيون التصرف بحق أهالي المنطقة، ومن الدوافع الاخرى، العامل الديني الذي دفع الكرد لمقاومة الإحتلال البريطاني في منطقة بهدينان، كذلك الوعود التي اعطتها الحكومة البريطانية للآثوريين )التيارين( لإنشاء دولة آثورية في المنطقة وتوطينهم في القرى الكردية. ومن الاسباب الاخرى ايض اً الدعاية التي قامت بها الحكومة التركية في منطقة بهدينان من أجل ربط ولاية الموصل بالدولة التركية. أدت هذه العوامل دورها في إندلاع العديد من الحركات في منطقة بهدينان من أجل طرد البريطانيين، ومنها: حركة أهالي منطقة زاخو )طويان( في ٤ نيسان 9191 ، وحركة أهالي العمادية ٥ تموز، ومعركة طةلييَ مزيركا 1 آب، ومعركة سواره توكا )ضيازةتيكا( في 99 آب، وفي النهاية، انتفاضة ئاكرىَ وبارزان في ٤ تشرين الثاني من نفس العام. في نهاية المطاف أخمدت جميع تلك الحركات، مما ادى الى قتل العديد ممن شاركوا فيها ومن القوات البريطانية في تلك المعارك التي وقعت بينهم، الا ان تلك الحركات أخمدت بسرعة بسب قلة الخبرة العسكرية وقلة السلاح لدى الكرد المشاركين فيها.

 2015-08

Thesis

2024-07-30
The Place of the Middle East in British Colonial and Foreign Policy, 1914-1935: Iraq and Palestine as a Case Study

The period from 1914 to 1935 was pivotal in British history, characterised by prominent changes... See more

The period from 1914 to 1935 was pivotal in British history, characterised by prominent changes in geopolitics, colonial aspirations, and foreign policy strategies in the Middle East. The present thesis investigates the complex variables that influenced British colonial and foreign policy in the region throughout the specified period. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialisation emerged as a driving force behind the European powers' pursuit of new markets, resources, and territories. The primary objective of the British Empire was to extend its authority and defend its current territories, motivated by a need to preserve its dominance in the seas and secure its commercial passes. The Middle East emerged as a crucial area for British interests due to its advantageous geographical position and abundant natural resources.

 2024
2015-08-12
BEHDINAN’S MOVEMENTS AGAINST BRITISH COLONIALISM AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1918-1920

The research seeks to identify those movements carried out by the people of Behdinan against... See more

The research seeks to identify those movements carried out by the people of Behdinan against British occupation forces; this uprising is one of the most important steps taken by the Kurdish rebel in 1919 for the liberty of Kurdistan from the British restrictions. It was also the preface of the outbreak of the Iraqi Revolution named (The Revolt of Twentieth). But, despite the importance of this subject, it has not received the attention of the majority of historians who talked about the situation of Kurdistan after the First World War. However, the writer Abdel Moneim Al Ghulam was the only one who wrote on such a topic in detail in his book (Our Revolution in Northern Iraq). There were several motives behind the outbreak of the revolution, including poor British administration, which offended the British to act against the people of the region, as well as, the religious factor that pushed the Kurds to resist the British occupation in Badinan area, and also the promises given by the British government to Assyrian in order to create an Assyrian state in the area and resettle them in the Kurdish villages was another factor to the revolution. Another motivation was that propaganda which carried out by the Turkish government in the Badinan area in order to link the state of Mosul with the Turkish border. These factors led to the outbreak of a lot of movements in Behdinan area in order to expel the British presence in the region, which are: the movement of the people of Zakho (Goyan) on 4 April 1919, the movement of Amadiyah people on July 15, the Battle of the Gelly Mizirka on 8 August, the battle of Swaretoka on 22 August and finally, the uprising of Akre and Zebar on 4 November of the same year. As a result, all of these movements led to the killing of many of the rebels with some of the British troops in those battles that took place between them. These movements did not last for a long time because of the lack

 2015
2013-09-01
HOW HAVE HISTORIANS ASSESSED THE BRITISH ROLE IN THE KURDISH ISSUE AT THE CAIRO CONFERENCE IN 1921?

Abstract The fall of the Ottoman Empire gave a valuable opportunity for the Kurdish people... See more

Abstract The fall of the Ottoman Empire gave a valuable opportunity for the Kurdish people to claim their rights to national self-determination. The question of Kurdish independence went through some important negotiations between the great powers especially Britain, because Southern Kurdistan was under its sphere of influence. The Cairo conference of 1921 was a good example of those negotiations when the Kurdish issue became a controversial subject of debate among the British attendees at the meeting. Following their discussion, Southern Kurdistan became an integral part of Iraq, due to some internal and external reasons. The points of view of historians are various about the Cairo decisions, for instance, Martin Gilbert, Christopher Catherwood, Aaron S. Klieman, and Saad Eskander, agree that Churchill was initially going to grant an independent Kurdistan acting as a buffer state between Turkey and the recently independent Iraq. Some, but not all, argue that later he changed his mind. Thus, Othman Ali points out that, in August 1921 Sir Percy Cox provided Churchill with some significant reasons to change his mind, the most important of them was that Iraq could not be defended without being under the control of the Kurdish mountains in the north and northeast. Most modern historians are of the opinion that Churchill particularly was not as much to blame for this change of policy as is usually thought, but certainly, Cairo did not help to make an independent Kurdistan and the power of Percy Cox seems to be the key of influence at the end.

 2013

Conference

Assoxiation for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA)
 2024-11
Hybrid Warfare in the Desert: British Strategies and Tactics Employed Against the Ottoman Empire During the Great War 1914-1918.

This article examines the British hybrid warfare strategy used during the Great War in the Middle East, concentrating on the Mesopotamian campaign, the Sinai-Palestine campaign, and the Arab Revolt. The British adeptly used conventional and... See more

This article examines the British hybrid warfare strategy used during the Great War in the Middle East, concentrating on the Mesopotamian campaign, the Sinai-Palestine campaign, and the Arab Revolt. The British adeptly used conventional and unconventional tactics, including diplomacy, propaganda, and guerrilla warfare, to achieve their strategic objectives. The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, a series of letters sent between Sir Henry McMahon and Sharif Hussein of Mecca, was pivotal in securing Arab assistance for the British war effort. The British forged relationships with local populations and used technical advancements, such railroads and ports, to gain a strategic edge in the region. The article outlines the key elements of the British hybrid warfare strategy, including conventional warfare, unconventional warfare, propaganda and psychological warfare, collaboration with local tribes and guerrilla tactics, political diplomacy and alliances, technological advancements, information operations, economic warfare, and cyber warfare. The study provides a comprehensive examination of the British hybrid warfare strategy in the Middle East during the Great War and its influence on the region's historical evolution.

Doctoral Conference on Modern History
 2022-04
The Evolution of British Commercial Diplomacy in the Near East 1869–1914

Abstract The development of railways, the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the generation of electric power contributed to the growth of Europe`s industrial economies and compounded their need to seek new areas of... See more

Abstract The development of railways, the invention of the internal combustion engine, and the generation of electric power contributed to the growth of Europe`s industrial economies and compounded their need to seek new areas of expansion. For ages, European commercial ships traveled long distances to reach India. Thus, European powers found it necessary to build the Suez Canal in 1869, which reduced some 4,500 miles of distance between Europe and India. The emergence of Germany as a strong European power after the unification of 1871 and its commercial and political incursions into the Near East has heightened British anxiety about its economic interests in the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, the emergence of oil in Mesopotamia and Persia significantly increased the importance of the Near East for filling European economic needs. As this region was located on the British trade route to India, it was clear that Britain would be one of the first competitors to control the region commercially. The momentous decision to transition the Royal Navy from coal to oil was decided, and efforts were made to ensure the flow of oil. This resulted in the establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909 and the Anglo-Ottoman Concession of 1913.

Aylol Revolution in the Local and Foreign Journalism 1916-1975
 2017-03
هه لويستىَ رِوَذناما كارديان يا بريتانى ذ كيَشا كوردي دناظبةرا 1970-1975/ The British Guardian Newspaper’s Attitude about the Kurdish Issue in Iraq (1970-1975)

Abstract: The Kurdish liberation movement in northern Iraq and its struggle against the Iraqi government from (1970-1975) became the subjects of the internal and external press because it was one of the most significant topics... See more

Abstract: The Kurdish liberation movement in northern Iraq and its struggle against the Iraqi government from (1970-1975) became the subjects of the internal and external press because it was one of the most significant topics in the Middle East. The British newspaper Guardian filled its pages with these events that took place between the Kurdish revolution and the socialist Baath Party in Baghdad during those five years. It has to be said, that the Guardian newspaper recorded events directly from the heart of the event when it erupted. The (Ta’akhi -brotherhood) newspapers have spoken on behalf of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and it was defending the Kurdish liberation movement. In contrast, the (al Thawra) newspaper, has spoken on behalf of the Baath Party and encouraged those decisions taken by the Iraqi government toward the Kurds. But, in this regard, the Guardian newspaper was neutral in its writings and publishing of the events that were taking place between both of them. Especially, those events that arose after the signing of the March Agreement of 1970, till the signing of the convention of Algeria in March 1975, between Iraq and Iran. In this field, the Guardian newspaper was neutral in its attitude; in one of those attitudes and in a very neutral stance about the Kurdish revolution the Guardian stated that the demands of the revolution for independence are legitimate rights of the Kurds.

Training Course

2018-05-14,2018-05-15
Module 1: Child Protection & Well Being, Module 2: Pedagogy, Module 3: Curriculum & Planning, Module 4: Teacher's Role & Well-Being of the Teachers in Crisis Contexts (TiCC) Training Pack

Norwegian Refugee Council

 2018
2018-01-14,2018-01-15
Document Management Office 365 Training

Document Management Office 365 Training

 2018
2017-11-26,2017-12-30
How to Write a CV

Career Development Center

 2017
2017-10-25,2017-10-26
Referral Pathway Training

Save the Children

 2017
2017-10-18,2017-10-19
Preventing Corruption in Hunmanitarian

Humanitarian Leader Academy

 2017
2017-06-06,2017-06-07
Child Right Monitoring and Reporting

Child Protection

 2017
2014-03-09,2014-04-15
Methods of Teaching

Teaching Methods

 2014
2012-07-16,2012-09-01
Pre-Sessional Programme (PSP)

University of Huddersfield

 2012
2012-01-15,2012-06-15
Pressetional Programme General English Language Course

The University of Nottingham Language Course

 2012
2011-05-09,2011-08-19
Beginners English Language Programme

Kirklees College

 2011