ئەز   Aveen Khursheed Khalid

ABSTRACT Fungicides play a crucial role in modern agriculture by effectively managing fungal diseases that can severely impact crop yield and quality. Hexaconazole, a widely used fungicide, has been proven effective against various fungal pathogens, making it an essential tool for crop protection and disease management strategies. Understanding the effects of Hexaconazole on plant physiology, particularly root growth and stomatal characteristics, is crucial for optimizing its application and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices growth. Therefore, his study aimed to investigate the effects of Hexaconazole (HEX), a fungicide, on root growth and stomatal characteristics of Allium cepa L. Different concentrations of Hexaconazole (0.0 as control treatment with only distilled water, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ml/L) were utilized. The parameters examined included root length, root percentage, number of roots, and germination percentage. Additionally, stomatal features such as stomata number per mm2, stomata length (μm), stomata width (μm), stomata index, and number of epidermal cells per mm2 of the abaxial surface of the tubular leaf were analyzed. The results revealed that the control group exhibited the highest root length (7.11 cm), followed by T1 (4.27 cm), while the other treatments (T2 and T3) displayed significantly lower values (3.44 cm and 2.83 cm, respectively). In terms of root number, the T3 group recorded the highest number (67.75), whereas the control group exhibited the lowest root number (38.25). A highly significant correlation coefficient was observed between the number of roots and the root percentage. Regarding stomatal features, Allium cepa L. exhibited similar internal structural characteristics, but variations were observed in the measurements of stomatal traits. In general, the findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the impact of hexaconazole on root growth and stomatal characteristics in Allium cepa L. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential implications of these findings. Keywords: Allium cepa L; Fungicide; Hexaconazole; Stomata; Root Growth.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of charcoal and physical state of culture medium on growth of Morus nigra. L. Material and Methods: For the study tree mature black mulbery (M. nigra) genotypes A5, T6 and T8 grown in vitro were used as the explant source in this study. To find out the possible effects of charcoal and culture physical state (culture medium) on culture growth used four) Liquid Nas and Read Medium (NRM) + 0.5 gl-1 activated charcoal, Liquid NRM containing no charcoal, Gelled NRM + 0.5 gl-1 activated charcoal, agar-gelled NRM containing no charcoal) medium were used in the study to find out the possible effects of the presence of charcoal and physical state of the culture medium on culture growth. Results: Medium physical state and presence of activated charcoal in the medium greatly affected mean shoot number per cultured explants. Mean shoot numbers obtained per explants varied between 1.1 and 5.8. Medium containing no charcoal produced more shoots compared to medium containing charcoal and agar - gelled medium produced more shoots compared to liquid medium. Conclusion: Agar- The gelled medium with agar gave better results for black mulbery (M. nigra) than the liquid medium.