ئەز   Piroz Abdullah Bashar Agha

ABSTRACT:Turkish policy towards the Kurdish national movement in Iraqi Kurdistan is one of the key subjects of the Kurdishnational liberation movement, as the Kurdish national liberation movement in Iraq has influence on the Kurdish movement in other Kurdistan parties. The main significance of this research is the evaluationof the Turkish policy and strategy towards the Kurdish movement.This study concentrates on the reasons behind declaring the military operations in the areas of Iraqi Kurdistan borders as well as its reflection. Hence,Turkey paid a great attention toits economic interests in Iraq and Kurdistanregionparticularly. Because of this, Turkey and Iraq have had close relationships. Also, the Iraqi role and Iraq-Iran warhad been evaluatedin this study. This study seeks to answer the following questions: Has Turkish policy influenced the Kurdish movement in Iraq? Has the Kurdish liberation movement in Iraq had an impact on internal affairs in Turkey? Do developments in the Kurdish movement threaten Turkey's interests and unity? What are the outcomes of the military operations in Kurdish border areas? What were the domestic and international responses to Turkish military intervention in Iraqi Kurdistan? Accordingly, this research was selected to provide a historical analysis of the Kurdish situation and to clarify the extent of Turkish policy's influence on them.KEYWORDS:Turkish policy, Military operations, Kurdish movement, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq and Iran.

Sindi Tribe in Zakho During the Ottoman Empire A Historical Study Abstract Kurdish tribes were generally considered the major components of the Kurdish emirates. They played a significant role in expanding and protecting the political borders of the Kurdish emirates. After the establishment of the Kurdish emirates, Kurdish tribes gathered under the reign of emirates. One of the largest and most powerful Kurdish emirates was Bahdinan emirate. Sindi was the major tribe who contributes in the establishment of this emirate. According to historical and Ottoman documents and sources, Sindi tribe had a noticeable role in the Bahdinan emirate in terms of governance. Zakho, as one of the Bahdinan emirate territories. The value of this study to historically highlight the nationalist role of this tribe and their significant contribution to the establishment of Kurdish emirates as well as in the Ottoman Empire as they protected the Kurdish territories during the emirate’s reigns. In fact, these emirates were under the reign of the Ottoman Empire, yet Kurdish tribes, especially Sindi tribe, had run their administration by themselves for hereditary and property in Kurdish territories in Bahdinan emirate. Badlisi in his Sharafname mentions that among many Kurdish resided districts in Bahdinan emirate, Zakho was the most prominent one and Sindi tribe was the biggest and the most important tribe in the area. Therefore, Zakho was often mentioned as the province of Sindi tribe. Some books that studied the orient life have mentioned Sindi tribe; to give an example, W A Wigram and Edgar T I have talked about Abdi Agha and the power he owned in Zakho. They also mentioned that there were two prominent figues in that region had helped to bring stability to the region which showed the strength and impact that tribe leaders and aghas had in that era. This paper investigates to highlight the significant role of Sindi tribe in Bahdinan emirate during the Ottoman Empire. Orientalists’ books, Sharafnama, Ottoman Empire documents, and historical books and data serve as sources of this study. This paper uses the historical approach. Keywords: Sindi tribe, Zakho district, Bahdinan emirate, The Emir of Amedi, Ottoman Empire

This book is an attempt to present a Turkish intellectual called '' Ismail Beshikci ''. Beshikci is one of the greatest intellectual in Turkey as well as in Middle East. He has a significant position in Kurdish history. The structure of this book has divided into four chapters. First chapter is dedicated to the intrduction of this study and formal Ideology of the Turkish regim. the second chapter shows an insight about Beshikci's biography. chapter three is about Beshikci's written works and publications, article, book and works. Chapter four is about Beshikci's attitude toward Northern Kurdistan movement. And his opinions about PKK and other Kurdish political parties