ئەز   Dilbreen Abdullah Ali

Abstract The Comparison and Organization of the Elements of Noun Phrase in Kurdish and Turkish Language One of the most important topics in linguistics is the comparison between two or more languages, so in comparative studies there are always similar points or characteristics to be identified. Nevertheless, each language has its special features. Thus, in this study, the researcher stresses upon the elements of the noun phrase in both Kurdish and Turkish language, despite the fact that both Kurdish and Turkishdiffer from each other in many aspects. Nonetheless the two languages share similar and different features when it comes to the study of noun phrases. The method that this research relies upon is `The Comparative and Descriptive Method`. The importance of this study lies within pinpointing similar as well as different elements of the noun phrase as they have been organized and categorized in each language. The study also sheds light on the reasons behind the differences and similarities of the noun phrases and what elements have constructed them? The other important point about this study is showing the determiners while organizing the noun phrase, as well as showing when the head comes before the determiner, or when the determiner comes the after the noun in both languages. Keywords: Comparison, organizing elements, noun phrase, noun head, determiner.

Summary: The current research study is tackling the (passive voice between Middle Eastern Kurdish Dialect and Standard Turkish Language) relating to both past and present tenses of informative mood. There are only four types of past tenses in the Middle Eastern Kurdish dialect, but apart from these four types of past tenses there are five more typesin the standard Turkish language such as (present tense referring to past action, story in the present tense, novel in the present tense, novel in the present continuous tense, and novel in the future tense. On the other hand, the present tense in the Middle Eastern Kurdish language has only one type, while in the standard Turkish language, there are three types such as (present simple, present continuous, and future tense).Therefore, the agreement between both languages regarding the two main tenses (past and present tenses) has a major role in the basic structure of the passive voice. The major aim of this research study is that it is an applied study which demonstrates all uses of passive voice on one hand. On the other hand, this study is also important to any researcher who works in the field of linguistics and conducts comparative studies between these two languages.

Abstract The study shows the functions of the demonstrative pronouns in the Kurdish sentences which are used in the Bahdini local dialect. The aim of using the demonstrative pronouns is to refer to people or things without mentioning their names. Those pronouns are used with the help of specific parts of the body such as; fingers, hands, eyebrows, etc.When we use or move a part of our body to refer to a person or a thing, the demonstrative pronouns can be easily identified. They are mainly used to refer to something which is either near or far from us. The research has a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, except for the demonstrative pronouns, grammarians used different terms to refer to demonstrative pronouns, after that, they had been defined by grammarians. Besides, in this part, the demonstrative pronouns are being precisely shown in the sentences of the Kurdish Bahdini local dialect. By contrast, the practical part of the study presentsthe fundamental functions of the demonstrative pronouns in the sentences, these functions are; subject, direct object, indirect object and the complement of the verb. Finally, the research concludes that demonstrative pronouns can have various functions. Keywords: this, these, that, those, subject, direct object, indirect object, the complement of the verb, demonstrative pronouns.