ئەز   Ibraheem A. Mohammed

The current research aims to improve the cetane number of diesel extracted from the crude oil of Tawke region-Iraq Kurdistan. A specific mixture of chemical compounds was prepared which included m-nitrophenol, 4-nitro toluene, and nitrobenzene. The components' effects were investigated with regard to the cetane number, flash point, viscosity, and refractive index of diesel. The quantity of each compound mixed with diesel was prepared based on the statistical analysis of the experiment device (Box–Behnken Designs-BBDs). The tested mixture showed a good agreement and improvement of cetane and flash point and a very low effect on viscosity and refractive index. According to the statistical analysis, the main influence on cetane number and the flashpoint was from m-nitrophenol. The investigation showed that the best results were acquired from the samples of 25PPM 4-nitro toluene and 50PPM m-nitrophenol with a cetane number of 65.3. The correlation and the interaction of the regression equation were linear with all cases. It is worth mentioning that all additives positively influenced the cetane number in the regression equation. The sulfur content was measured as well, and the obtained weight percentage of sulfur was 0.8404%.

Abstract—the photo-catalytic degradation of Toluidine Blue dye (TB) in aqueous suspension solution has been studied utilizing fluorescence light and using Zinc oxide (ZnO) as a semiconductor at variety working factors. The studied parameters were concentration of dye, semiconductor dose and the influence of pH. The result shows that expanding of ZnO dose from 20 to 60 mg/L increases the removal rate of TB dye. On the other hand, the adding of concentration from 5 to 15 mg/L show negative effect on the rate of photo-degradation. It has been denoted that the percentage of dye degradation come to the peak value at high acidic medium. 11 % of TB dye was adsorbed, in dark condition, by ZnO. In addition, the kinetics of degradation has been examined and the degradation was found to take after pseudo-first order kinetic model.

he photo-catalytic degradation of Toluidine Blue dye (TB) in aqueous suspension solution has been studied utilizing fluorescence light and using Zinc oxide (ZnO) as a semiconductor at variety working factors. The studied parameters were concentration of dye, semiconductor dose and the influence of pH. The result shows that expanding of ZnO dose from 20 to 60 mg/L increases the removal rate of TB dye. On the other hand, the adding of concentration from 5 to 15 mg/L show negative effect on the rate of photo-degradation. It has been denoted that the percentage of dye degradation come to the peak value at high acidic medium. 11 % of TB dye was adsorbed, in dark condition, by ZnO. In addition, the kinetics of degradation has been examined and the degradation was found to take after pseudo-first order kinetic model.

The ability of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) to adsorb nickel, Ni2+, from aqueous solutions has been investigated through batch experiments. The Ni2+ adsorption was found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. All batch experiments were carried out at neutral solution pH and at a constant temperature of 25 C° using thermostat shaker that operated at 150 rpm. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin equation .The adsorption isotherm fit well with all models studied and the maximum adsorption capacity ( Qm =31.25mg/g ) obtained from Langmuir model.The kinetic processes of Ni2+adsorption on liquorice were described by applying pseudo first –order ,pseudo second-order and Elovich kinetic model, it was clear that pseudo second-order model is fitted well. Keywords: Nickel, Adsorbent, Adsorption isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics

In this study, a locally collected bentonite and activated carbon (AC) synthesized from spent lubricant oils by chemical treatment were used as new non conventional and low cost adsorbents for the copper (Cu+2) ions adsorption in a batch mode at various initial concentrations and different temperatures. Systematic studies on Cu+2 ions adsorption equilibrium and kinetics by both adsorbents were carried out. The investigation were performed at different initial concentrations of Cu+2 ions (10, 20, 30,40,50,60 mg/L), contact time (10-90 min), and temperatures (25-55 °C). Depending on the results of temperature effect, thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH and ΔS°) were estimated from two sources. First; from the adsorption distribution constant (Kd) which is represented by the ratio between the adsorbed and remained Cu+2 ions in solution at equilibrium and second, from Freundlich isotherm constant (Kf). Comparable results are obtained. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the adsorption data of the studied systems. The results obtained indicated that, the clay adsorbs Cu+2 ions more intense than AC, with higher maximum adsorption capacity. Langmuir isotherm is better fitted to the adsorption data of the study system than Freundlich isotherm. The effect of contact time data of Cu+2 ions adsorption onto clay, conducted at various initial concentrations were applied to pseudo first and second order kinetic models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo second order kinetic with good correlation (R2>0.99) and consistent values of the experimental (qe(exp)) and calculated (qe(cal)) adsorption capacities. The initial rate of adsorption was found to increase with initial concentration, where as the over all rate constant exhibited opposite variation. The employed adsorbents might be successfully used for the removal of other heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater. Introduction

A commercial activated carbon was used for the adsorption of azo dye from aqueous solution employing batch method. This dye was synthesized in our laboratory from the reaction of 6-methoxy-2-amino-benzothiazole and ß-naphthole via diazonium ions. The effect of pH, temperature, and contact time on dye removal was investigated. The apparent thermodynamic parameters were estimated and the obtained results concluded that, the dye adsorbed onto activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous processes. The kinetic of adsorption was conducted by using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The results of the kinetic analysis showed that, the second order equation was more appropriate and better fit the experimental data. Key words: Adsorption kinetic, Thermodynamic of adsorption, Benzothiazoles

In this study, a new type of activated carbon is prepared from spent lubricant oils by chemical treatment. This carbon is used as adsorbent for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of the carbon is estimated. The effect of contact time, concentration and temperature are investigated. The experimental data of adsorption were fitted to three different isotherms, namely; Langmuir, Freundlich and DKR. The isotherms equations were applied at different temperatures. The results obtained showed that, the Langmuir isotherm is better fitted to the experimental data of the studied system than the other isotherms. In addition the fitting is good at low temperature. Deviations are noticed when temperature is increased. The thermodynamic parameters ∆G°, ∆H, and ∆S are determined at two initial concentrations. Their values and signs indicated that, the adsorption process could occur spontaneously at room temperature. The increase of temperature activates the departure of adsorbed molecules towards the solution. The adsorption system is exothermic in nature. The adsorption process increases the order of the studied system.

Abstract the photo-catalytic degradation of Toluidine Blue dye (TB) in aqueous suspension solution has been studied utilizing fluorescence light and using Zinc oxide (ZnO) as a semiconductor at variety working factors. The studied parameters were concentration of dye, semiconductor dose and the influence of pH. The result shows that expanding of ZnO dose from 20 to 60 mg/L increases the removal rate of TB dye. On the other hand, the adding of concentration from 5 to 15 mg/L show negative effect on the rate of photo-degradation. It has been denoted that the percentage of dye degradation come to the peak value at high acidic medium. 11 % of TB dye was adsorbed, in dark condition, by ZnO. In addition, the kinetics of degradation has been examined and the degradation was found to take after pseudo-first order kinetic model.