ئەز   Khalid Ilias Basheer

This paper presents a critical analysis of “FLOWER AND KNIFE” by Ahmed Yasir Dhain. It was written in 2020. The play represents two couple of notions “love and hate”“flower and knife". Those notions are represented by the number of characters who reflect our views about life. The writer has shown contrastively those notions, which would be in contrastive till unknown time. The study is based on cognitive metaphor analysis, especially the conceptual metaphor. Since the analysis of conceptual metaphor has an important role in discovering the attended messages and the real meaning of the dramatic text through the mapping between the source domain and the target domain. It is also important to discover the ability of the writer to add some new concepts and change the existing ones. The study follows Kövecses' 2002 Conceptual Metaphor Model. It deals with the three types of cognitive metaphor, they are structural, orientational, and ontological. The study is qualitative, it attends to describe and analyze the data critically. It shows how different discourse structures can be critically analyzed by cognitive perceptions. The study aims to analyze the conceptual metaphor as a critical tool. It tries to discover the language's role in constructing concepts through using dramatic devices, especially conceptual metaphors. It aims to criticize the concepts of love, hate, flower, and knife and how they can influence our thoughts and construct new ones. It also aims to find out the connection between conceptual metaphor and critical discourse analysis. Based on the paper literature review and the result of data analysis, the study finds that the play is full of …

This research critically assesses the efficacy of the Al Qur’an Reading and Writing Pogram at Universitas X, with a specific focus on its contribution to Islamic character development in the realm of higher education. The study employs a cross-sectional survey methodology to collate a broad spectrum of perspectives from students, lecturers, and university administrators. Data collection encompasses both quantitative and qualitative approaches: quantitative assessments are executed through a 5-point Likert scale, measuring levels of agreement regarding various facets of the Al Qur’an Reading and Writing Program, while qualitative insights are procured via open-ended questions, facilitating more comprehensive responses. The findings reveal a strong consensus among respondents on the pivotal role of the Al Qur’an Reading and Writing Program. There is a marked emphasis on the necessity for enhancements in program scheduling, content quality, and the expansion of its scope to more inclusively encompass the entire university community. Furthermore, the study identifies critical needs for improved governance, elevation in educator standards, and the streamlining of administrative processes, particularly in relation to certification. These results offer a detailed understanding of the Al Qur’an Reading and Writing Program's impact and underscore the need for strategic improvements. By doing so, the study contributes valuable insights to the discourse on Islamic character development in higher education.

Mobile learning (m-learning) offers new possibilities for enhancing motivation and well-being in social studies education. This literature review synthesizes current research on using mobile technologies in K-12 and higher education social studies contexts. Systematic searches yielded 37 empirical studies that were analyzed. Findings indicate emerging interest in m-learning for active learning opportunities leveraging mobile affordances. Student motivation may be increased through engagement, personalization, and bridging formal/informal learning. Well-being can potentially improve via reduced anxiety, social connections, and flow states. However, equitable access, teacher training, privacy, assessment, and curriculum integration require consideration. Gradual implementation, aligning activities to objectives, and promoting digital citizenship are advised. More rigorous research is needed to establish impacts on higher-order thinking and competencies. Harnessed effectively, mobile devices may reinvigorate social studies by connecting school to students’ lives.

Field trips and experiential learning opportunities have historically been employed as teaching instruments within social studies classrooms. This article aims to analyze the theoretical underpinnings and empirical investigations pertaining to the utilization of field excursions and experiential learning within the context of social studies education. This paper will explore the distinct advantages of field trips in facilitating the connection between classroom instruction and real-world environments. In conclusion, this paper will present suggestions for optimizing the educational efficacy of field trips.

This paper presents a critical discourse analysis of Donald Trump's tweets regarding COVID-19, utilizing Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Halliday's systemic functional linguistics to examine the language used. The analysis centers on two tweets that illustrate Trump's politicization of the pandemic and the propagation of stigmatization through social media. The research examines the stylistic and formal characteristics of Trump's tweets, focusing on his use of metaphorical language and blame-shifting tactics, specifically his labeling of COVID-19 as a'Chinese virus. 'The analysis also investigates discourse practices, connecting Trump's rhetoric on the US-China trade agreement and pandemic response to wider political narratives. The study analyzes the socio-cultural implications of Trump's discourse at a macro level. It highlights how his discourse exacerbated xenophobia, nationalism, and social divisions during the global health crisis. The findings demonstrate that Trump's tweets influenced public perceptions and international relations, reinforcing anti-China attitudes and contributing to a polarized public response to the pandemic. This study emphasizes the significance of a critical and reflective approach to political communication, particularly during times of crisis. It also offers insights into the creation and dissemination of ideological narratives in the digital era.

This study examines the new social studies curriculum in Iraq's basic education system, specifically in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok. The reform, informed by constructivist learning and critical pedagogy, integrates subjects like history and geography to promote civic responsibility and global awareness. The study, based on interviews with curriculum planners, explores the motivations and theoretical underpinnings of this reform. It also addresses the practical challenges of implementation, such as resource allocation, teacher training and cultural adaptations. The curriculum aims to foster critical thinking and inclusivity, balancing global perspectives with local contexts. Challenges highlighted include financial constraints and logistical issues in dealing with sensitive topics. This study underscores the importance of continuous improvement, stakeholder collaboration and adaptive strategies in educational transformation.

This paper explores the ethical and social implications of using artificial intelligence (AI) in social studies instruction. While AI offers promising outcomes such as personalized learning, enhanced student engagement, and greater access to information and data, it also raises significant ethical concerns. These include data privacy and security, bias and discrimination, and the risk of over-reliance on AI. The paper also examines the social implications of AI use, such as digital inequality, changes in learning dynamics, and the influence on students' worldviews. The researchers argue for the need to balance the benefits of AI with ethical considerations, emphasizing the importance of data privacy policies, AI transparency, a balance between AI and human interaction, equitable access to AI, and the teaching of critical thinking skills.

This study delves into the intricate domain of advanced qualitative research methods in social studies, highlighting their growing significance in studying multifaceted social phenomena. The paper offers a comprehensive overview of foundational principles and core techniques required for rigorous qualitative investigation, encompassing varied research designs such as ethnography, grounded theory, and narrative inquiry. Techniques for data collection, including in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation, are explored, along with strategies ensuring research quality, such as validity, reflexivity, and triangulation. Analytical methods, from coding to thematic analysis, are discussed, with an emphasis on the utilization of software tools. The article underscores the ethical imperatives of the qualitative research process, addresses challenges like subjectivity and generalizability, and points toward emerging trends, including digital qualitative research and interdisciplinary approaches. In conclusion, it asserts that mastering qualitative methods demands a profound commitment to reflective and ethical practices, ensuring rich insights into human experiences for social studies scholarship.

Digital transformation in higher education has greatly disrupted conventional teaching and learning models. This review traces the evolution of educational technology over the past few decades. It analyzes how tools such as learning management systems, data analytics, online learning, and artificial intelligence impact pedagogy, student experience, educator roles, and institutional learning. The great potential of technology to enhance learning is also discussed, along with the ongoing challenges of justice, ethics, and human relations in its application. Current and emerging technologies are examined, with their implications for key stakeholders. This study uses a multi-faceted methodology to investigate digital transformation in higher education: Historical Analysis, Technology Review Case Studies, Stakeholder Surveys, and Ethical and Social Implications. Predictive modeling and trend analysis are performed to project higher education's future digital transformation trajectory. This includes analysis of new technologies, potential disruptions, and the evolving needs of the education sector. The review brings together insights from academic literature, industry publications, and the digital transformation of higher education over the past few decades, which has been widespread and measurable. Early adopters of technologies such as analytics, AI, and immersive media will be best positioned to improve the student experience in the future. However, carefully applying and considering students' needs and equality is essential to avoid marginalized groups.

This study aimed to identify the Effectiveness of Online Teaching & Learning during Covid-19 Pandemic-Social Studies Students’ Perspective at Zakho University on the impact of the following variables (Gender, Study stage). The sample included (217) Social Studies Students, A questionnaire of 20 items was adapted by Wickramasinghe (2021) and distributed to the research sample, and the study reached the results that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α≤ 0.05) between the averages responses of the study sample members attributed to the variable (Gender, Study stage). That means is an effect and benefit for Online Teaching & Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic-Social Studies Students’ Perspective regarding the two study variables (gender and study stage), and there is no effect of this process regarding the interaction between gender and study stage. Based on the results of this study, the researcher recommended that most important of which is the necessity of providing software by the university presidency to suit all business and all academic levels, the need to find a mechanism in distances learning that seeks to develop students’ practical skills.

The aim of the study is to find the effect of Friar Model on the achievement of geography subject by the eleventh grade high school students and developing their geography comprehension. The participants were 133 in Hawler city in 2016-2017. The participants were randomly selected to take part, then others were chosen on purpose in Dnanaz School for boys and Cimen school for girls, the participants were classified on the basis of four variables (age by month, the score of social sciences of the seventh grade, intelligence score, the geographical background, and the education of parents) relying on the experimental factor (2*2) in both variables of teaching and gender.While, the research tools were first objective achievement test of the multiple-choice technique, the tool was subjected to modifications by experienced jurors for validity, the reliability was 0.82. And the test consisted of 45 items; the second tool was the students' development of comprehension of geography subject accounted by (Bashir, 2016), again, the tool was assessed by some jurors for face validity, and the range of reliability was 0.81, so that, the second tool consisted of 30 items and three options. The results of the collected and analyzed data showed the following findings: 1- There is a statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the average achievement of geography in the members of the research groups according to gender variable and for females. 2 - There is a difference of statistical significance at the level (0.05) between the average development of geographical survey among members of the research groups according to gender and for the benefit of women. Based on this the researchers have offered many suggestions and recommendations.

Abstract The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using blended learning strategy on eight year students’ for geographical curiosity development. The sample consists of (131) eighth class students in the basic education schools for boys and girls in Zakho for the academic year (2015-2016). The researchers then divided the sample into four equal groups in a number of variables based on the global experimental design (2X2) according to teaching method and gender variables. The two study groups were studied according to the blinding learing, while the other two groups studied in the usual normal teching method. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers prepared the geographic curiosity scale tool, which is made in final form of articles (30) divided into (10) geographic fields. The research experiment was carried out by the third researcher on Saturday (17/10/2015) and ended on Thursday (24/12/2015) and then applied the scale on 26-27 / 12/2015. After collecting the data from the members of the sample of the search and processing them statistically using (ANOVA. 2 w) depending on gender variables and the method of teaching, and the results indicated to: 1. There is a statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the averages of the development of the geographical curiosity among the members of the research groups according to gender variables and for females. 2. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the average of the members of the research groups in the development of the geographical curiosity according to the variable method and interaction between them and the gender variable. Keywords: Blended learining, geographical curiosity and Zakho.

E-learning has entered all areas of life through its various uses, including the educational / learning field. It has been followed by advanced educational systems as an educational technology in classrooms and scientific laboratories as well as individual learning via Internet networks, and in light of this the feature of modern educational institutions has become the use of computers in education and in self-learning through electronic learning (EL) strategies and applications because this technology takes into account the individual differences between Learners help them acquire scientific knowledge and thinking skills as well as the development of scientific skills. With an objective view of the researcher on the reality of teaching in general in schools, it was noticed that the traditional teaching methods still prevail among most male and female teachers despite the educational directives of these male and female teachers by adopting modern teaching methods and strategies and employing computers in the field of school education, and in this direction the researcher found that the use of methods Traditional and lack of use of computers in education led to a decline in student achievement and its scientific applications. The importance of research comes from its problem, which came in response to modern educational trends in keeping pace with modern scientific, technical and educational developments in line with the nature of societies and their future aspirations in order to build an educated generation that is aware of the importance of the nature of these societies' importance and their material and human resources. The importance of e-learning has emerged greatly after the emergence of Corona disease, and most countries following this method in universities and schools, and among these countries, Iraq has made education electronically. The educational process in Iraq has faced great challenges due to Iraq’s lack of prior educational experiences in the field of using e-learning, among the most important of these challenges: 1. Cheating during an exam or test, as the technical development that the Ministry of Education and Higher Education uses in order to conduct and apply e-learning is the same technology that students may employ in taking the exam and sending test answers to the teacher. 2. The absence of live and direct interaction between the student and the teacher, which is the most important factor in delivering the material to the student. 3. The weakness of the Internet connection, where a high speed of flow is required. According to the latest statistics, the speed of flow in Iraq has recorded very low scores in this area. 4. The weakness of the universities' sites, not to update them permanently and not to organize them due to the lack of specialists in this field. 5. Lack of awareness of the teacher, as well as his lack of interest in this type of education, due to the lack of interest on the part of officials, in this type of education because they are from the generation of traditional education. 6. The university’s lack of interest in this type of education, and its failure to activate it by states, by not harnessing all the capabilities of this type of education. 7. The student’s lack of desire in this type of learning because they prefer ready-made lectures, and also prefer the traditional method, as the latter is characterized by a lack of effort on the part of the student who is content with just receiving. Main Solutions: 1.Investing the summer vacation (in the event that the attendance starts within the next two months) in increasing the number of workshops and training courses for e-learning, as most of the workshops that were previously held are nothing more than routine and were not properly invested. 2. Appointing specialists to manage e-learning systems, as it is a non-trivial system that needs study and intelligence in implementation and application. Therefore, there must be a qualified and capable staff to manage this educational system synonymous with the teaching staff. 3. Intensifying media efforts towards society in order to spread the e-culture for e-learning. Community culture is a factor in the success of any scientific project. 4. Creating a special questionnaire for e-learning prepared by specialists from sociology, psychology, and education for students, with the aim of realizing the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning and the extent of its educational feasibility for the student. 5. Returning to the electronic lecture, it is necessary to form a ministerial, not a university, committee that grants broad powers that comprehensively examines the content of these lectures, both written and audio, to ensure that they comply with the scientific requirements. In conclusion, it can be said that distance education is one of the solutions that countries have resorted to confront the spread of the "Corona" virus, and not completely disrupt the educational process at the same time; However, there are challenges facing this process in some countries due to the lack of the necessary technological infrastructure and the spread of electronic illiteracy. Keyword: Internet, E-Learning, Corona disease, Iraq, Challenges

Since the mid-1980s, the educational process in Iraq has suffered from neglecting and recession due to the policies of war adopted by the former regime and the following exaggerated concentration on military force at the expense of the many pillars on which the developed countries are built. Especially, the educational system which is the base of the pyramid in the development of nations. In addition, the economic sanctions imposed on the Iraqi people, which toppled the remaining education infrastructure in Iraq. However, the education system in Iraq was among the most advanced systems in the region but it is now one of the most problematic educational systems, many of which are almost insoluble, as a result of the lack of seriousness of decision makers, and the weakness of educational leaders in many of its joints. Any attempt to develop solutions to a problem requires monitoring these problems and identifying them closely and identifying their causes and reasons. This applies to the obstacles and problems that hinder the educational process in Iraq, so it must be identified, the causes, and then find appropriate solutions to each of these problems; hence our attempt to find out the reasons of what we may call «problems of education in Iraq», starting from the identification and the reasons for their occurrence. As we see that these reasons can be classified into two categories: some of which is due to external reasons of the accumulation of problems which have passed the country as a result of wrong policies have been pursued for more than three decades and has resulted in the neglect and marginalization of the education sector in Iraq. The deterioration of the country's infrastructure in general, and education in particular. These are caused by internal reasons related to the educational process and its three pillars (student, teacher, and school) .Each of these pillars has its effect in creating objections to education, as any deficiencies in the work of any corner of them hinder the work of the other two pillars, and the strength of these staff is the strength of the entire educational process. Therefore, we will try to develop solutions to the problems we have monitored, as we see that the solution of any problem depends primarily on the identification of the causes, and then the solution goes in the shadows of the problem, and we need only a closer look knowing the reasons of the problem and its causes. 1. External obstacles facing the educational process. This section will review the external obstacles to identify them, and identify their causes: 1.1. Infrastructure and the problem of school buildings. 1.2. Economic factor and the problem of spending on education. 1.3. Lack of security and its impact on education. 2. Internal obstacles facing the educational process 2.1. Pupils and obstacles to the educational process 2.2. Teacher and its impact on the conduct of the educational process 2.3. Curriculum and obstacles to the educational process. It is possible to limit the internal obstacles to three pillars of the educational process: (student, teacher, and curriculum), and these elements are always together and cannot be separated from each other, and integrated as it cannot miss any one of them, because it means the absence of the entire educational process, and any deficiencies in any of them can cause serious damage to the educational process, and we will try to identify the obstacles that can be caused by each of these pillars: 3. Proposed solutions to the obstacles of the educational process: 3.1. Solutions to external obstacles facing the educational process. 3.2. Solutions to internal obstacles facing the educational process. - A large spread of cheating among students in Iraq, especially in the preparatory stage. -Leaked questions before the exam date and sold and sometimes spread the ministerial questions on social media sites. - Preference of Iraqi families to private schools over public schools because of the lack of public schools of the most basic elements of education. - The spread of the phenomenon of absences among Iraqi students without a legitimate excuse without limiting to this phenomenon because of nepotism, fear and threat and sometimes the exploitation of students to the living conditions of some teachers. - Changing curricula continuously, which makes it difficult for students to change the curriculum with the formation of each new government in Iraq and the new Minister of Education to change the curriculum with the existence of suspicions of corruption in this matter? - Low level of Iraqi universities at the global level according to the international rankings in force. - Weak education in Iraq due to the accumulated problems and the lack of laws regulating it.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the blending learning (electronic) in the development of the geographic survey among eighth class students. The sample consists of (131) eighth class students in the basic education schools for boys and girls in Zakho for the academic year (2015-2016). The researchers then divided the sample into four equal groups in a number of variables based on the global experimental design (2X2) according to teaching method and gender variables. The two study groups were studied according to the blinding learning, while the other two groups studied in the usual normal teaching method. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers prepared the geographic survey scale tool, which is made in final form of articles (30) divided into (10) geographic fields. The research experiment was carried out by the third researcher on Saturday (17/10/2015) and ended on Thursday (24/12/2015) and then applied the scale on 26-27 / 12/2015. After collecting the data from the members of the sample of the search and processing them statistically using (ANOVA. 2 w) depending on gender variables and the method of teaching, and the results indicated to: 1. There is a statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the averages of the development of the geographical survey among the members of the research groups according to gender variables and for females. 2. There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) between the average of the members of the research groups in the development of the geographical survey according to the variable method and interaction between them and the gender variable.

The research aims to identify the impact of the use of blended learning strategy to absorb the eighth grade foundation geographical concepts students. The sample consisted of search (131) students from the eighth-grade students in the schools’ foundation groundwork for boys and girls in the city of Zakho in the academic year (2015-2016). The feet have been selected deliberate style class random from the research community depending on the sex variable, then the researchers divided the sample into four equal groups in a number of variables based on the experimental design world (2X2) when the variables of teaching method, and sex. Both groups experimental has studied the geographical material according blended learning strategy while I studied two groups control same article the usual way, and to achieve the aim of the research, the researchers promising test conceptual framework for measuring the absorption of the sample geographical concepts be in its final form of the (30) members of the level of items distributed evenly on (10) geographical concepts essential to measure the components of the concept (definition, example, the application), the researchers check the veracity of content of the test and extract psychometric characteristics as well as its stability. To implement the search experience of researchers has developed a set of lesson plans for research groups. After that one of the researchers applied research experience on Saturday (17/10/2015) ended on Thursday (24/12/2015) was then applied the test day (26.12.2015). After collecting data from the research sample and processed statistically using the global disparity bidirectional analysis depending on the variables of sex and way of teaching and the interaction between them tested, and results indicated to: 1. There is a difference is statistically significant at the level of (0.05) among the middle-absorbing geographical concepts among members of the research groups according to gender in favor of females and the way in favor of blended learning strategy. 2. There is no difference is statistically significant at the level (0.05) between the mean members of research groups in the absorption of geographical concepts depending on the interaction of the variables of sex and the way. In light of the findings, the researchers came out with a number of conclusions, including the possibility of the application of blended learning strategy in the teaching of geography material for students in the foundation of education; the researchers recommended a number of recommendations and proposals in the form of addresses for future research.